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A.b.ii. Surface flux parameterization
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The surface momentum and heat fluxes are given by the bulk
formulae of Louis (1979).
The bulk coefficient for heat transport has same value of that for
momentum.
In this study, the surface fluxes must be treated seriously because
diurnal change is considered and we focus on the magunitude of
surface stress estimated by the surface momentum flux.
The surface fluxes significantly change with the atmospheric stability.
The surface flux parameterization presented by Louis (1979) can be represent easily
the dependence of the surface flux on atmospheric stability.
 are the horizontal wind and temperature
at the lowest level of the model atmosphere  .
 is the surface temperature.
The bulk coefficient is calculated as follows.
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(A.16) |
where,
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(A.17) |
and  is the Karman constant (= 0.35),  is the roughness length.
The roughness length is 1 cm (Sutton
et al, 1978).
 is the bulk Richardson number, which is
given as follow.
 |
(A.18) |
where  are the potential temperature and that of
horizontal mean value at the lowest level of model atmosphere.
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