つなぎ言葉
1. 発生順：まず最初に
first
firstly
used to introduce a first point of reason
e.g., Firstly it is wrong and secondly it is extremely difficult to implement.
at first
in the initial stage or stages、時間的に最初
in the beginning
initially
at first
e.g., Initially, he thought the new concept was nonsense.
2. 発生順：次に
then
at that time, after that: 時間的にあとである必要がある。
later on
at a time in the near future
soon
thereupon
immediately or shortly after that
e.g., He thereupon returned to Moscow.
meanwhile
in the intervening period of time
next
coming immediately after the time of writing or speaking.
coming immediately after the present one in order or
in turn
3. 発生順：最後に
finally
after a long time, typically involving difficulty or delay. used to introduce a final point or
in the end
eventually or on reflection
eventually
in the end, esp. after a long delay, dispute, or series of problems
e.g., Eventually, after midnight, I arrived at the hotel.
4. 同時生起
at the same time
simultaneously.
on the other hand
while
during the time that; at the same time as
whereas (indicating a contrast)
simultaneously
occurring, operating, or done at the same time
5. 付加
and
also
again
furthermore
in addition; besides (used to introduce a fresh consideration in an argument)
moreover
as a further matter; besides
in addition
as an extra person, thing, or circumstance
besides
in addition to; apart from 口語的
as mentioned earlier
in (point of) fact
used to emphasize the truth of an assertion, esp. one contrary to what might be expected or what has been asserted :
6. 説明
that is (to say)
a formula introducing or following an explanation or further clarification of a preceding word or words.
述べたことの説明を始めるために使われる
in other words
expressed in a different way; that is to say.
thus
as a result or consequence of this; therefore.
in the manner now being indicated or exemplified; in this way
namely
that is to say; to be specific (used to introduce detailed information or a specific example)
すでに(曖昧または間接的に)述べたものを名指ししたり、具体的にしたり、同じものであることを述べる(コメントする)。namelyの後に続く語は読み手が既に知っていて、推察可能な語が来る。
especially
used to single out one person, thing, or situation over all others 文節を修飾しない
particularly
to a higher degree than is usual or average.
so as to give special emphasis to a point; specifically
in particular
特に, 特別に（ふつう焦点の当てられた語句の直後に置かれる）；詳細に（⇔ in general)
generally
in most cases; usually.
in general terms; without regard to particulars or exceptions
certainly
undoubtedly; definitely; surely
altogether
completely; totally
including everything or everyone; in total : he had married several times and had forty-six children altogether.
[ sentence adverb ] taking everything into consideration; on the whole :
evidently
plainly or obviously; in a way that is clearly seen or understood.
[ sentence adverb ] it is plain that; it would seem that
specifically
clearly defined or identified
precise and clear in making statements or issuing instructions : when ordering goods be specific.
belonging or relating uniquely to a particular subject
7. 部分変更
incidentally
[ sentence adverb ] used when a person has something more to say, or is about to add a remark unconnected to the current subject; by the way
by the way
incidentally (used to introduce a minor topic not connected with what was being spoken about previously)
alternatively
[ sentence adverb ] (of one or more things) available as another possibility
8. 関連・関心・例外
in this respect
in this regard
in connection with the point previously mentioned
in regard to
with reference to this
in relation to; as regards
aside from
apart from.
例外に言及はするがそれほど重要なものではないという意味合い.
apart from
except for
in addition to; as well as :
例外に言及はするがそれほど重要なものではないという意味合い.
except for
例外の存在の重要さを強調する意味合いで使うことがある.
except for = with the exception of
(用法1) [ある性質Aで特徴付けられる物事の類] +, except for + [その類に属しているにも関わらず、性質Aを持っていない物事] +, [性質A]
(用法2) [全般的な状況の説明] + , except for + [全般的な状況の一貫性を破る物事]
上記の用法以外では他の前置詞を用いる。
excepting, but (for), bar
それら例外を別にすれば一般論が成り立つという積極的な主張. exceptingは改まった語で, butはもっぱらnone, nothing, all, anyoneなどのあとで用いられる.
in every part
on the basis of
副詞句で、一般に動詞を修飾するために用いられる。はっきりとした論理的つながりが必要。
based on
形容詞句なので、必ず名詞を修飾しなければならない。はっきりとした論理的つながりが必要。
in reference to, with respect to
using
9. 比較
likewise
in the same way; also
used to introduce a point similar or related to one just made
in a like manner; similarly
similarly
[ sentence adverb ] used to indicate a similarity between two facts or events.
in the same way
on the one hand / on the other hand
used to present factors that are opposed or that support opposing opinions. 対で用いるのが普通。
文A. On the other hand, 文B. このとき AとBは同じ主題にたいして、異なる見方を示さなければならない。
in/by contrast
as compared with
10. 例示
for example
used to introduce something chosen as a typical case
for instance
for instance as an example
to give an example for
to illustrate
in particular
especially (used to show that a statement applies to one person or thing more than any other)
especially
used to single out one person, thing, or situation over all others
to a great extent; very much
文節を修飾しない
in this way
in what follows
namely
that is to say; to be specific (used to introduce detailed information or a specific example)
すでに(曖昧または間接的に)述べたものを名指ししたり、具体的にしたり、同じものであることを述べる(コメントする)。namelyの後に続く語は読み手が既に知っていて、推察可能な語が来る。
that is
a formula introducing or following an explanation or further clarification of a preceding word or words
述べたことの説明を始めるために使われる
11. 理由・原因
because
for the reason that; since 文中でつかうときはコンマ不要。
原因や理由を新たな情報として明確に述べるための接続詞。 原因・理由を述べることが主な目的の場合はbecause節をあとに、その結果を述べるのは主な目的ならばbecause節は前に持ってくる。
since
in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present
[ conj. ] for the reason that: because
[ adv. ] ago
読み手もすでにわかっているだろうと思われることを理由として持ち出すときに使う。Since節を前に置くことがおおい。
for this reason
on account of
because of
on account of; by reason of
of につづく名詞は“理由を生み出すもの”であって理由(reason)そのものではない。
owing to
because of or on account of :
this is attributed to A
this is due to A
caused by or ascribable to
because of; owing to
A results from B
B results in A
this arises from
this originates from
this is caused by
this is an explanation of why…
take account of A
consider a specified thing along with other factors before reaching a decision or taking action.
take A into account of
A yields that
12. 結果・帰結
so
therefore
for that reason; consequently. 前の文(節)の内容が、後の内容を行う/となる理由をあらわす。A文. B文. C文. (A, B, Cの内容)ゆえにD. のような使い方はできない。
consequently
as a result. 状況に対して使用される。
hence
as a consequence; for this reason
in the future (used after a period of time)
(also from hence) from here
論理的な「自然な脈絡」 = as an inference, as a deduction, it is implied that, it follows that
thus
as a result or consequence of this; therefore
in the manner now being indicated or exemplified; in this way
[as submodifier ] to this point; so
as a result
as the result
(前文の) 結果として。具体的なもの(数式なども含む)に対して使用される。
this shows
this indicates
it follows
on this basis
arising out of this
thereby
by that means; as a result of that :
according to A
as stated by or in • in a manner corresponding or conforming to • in proportion or relation to.
Aは必ず名詞で、以下の3つが正しい用法で、これら以外の意味の「によって、によれば、に従って」の訳語としては使えない。どうせなら、下記の同義表現を用いるべき。
in keeping with, in agreement with ～と合致して
as stated by, on the authority of ～で表明された通りに
in the manner determined by ～で定義された通りに
accordingly
in a way that is appropriate to the particular circumstances
[ sentence adverb ] consequently; therefore
in consequence
due to A
caused by or ascribable to
because of; owing to. 形容詞句である。名詞を修飾する。
owing to A
owing to because of or on account of これは副詞句。
for this reason
for the reasons stated/mentioned above
13. 反対・対称
but
used to introduce something contrasting with what has already been mentioned
however
used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously
副詞であり、接続詞ではない。よって文節をつなぐことはできない。セミコロンで文と文をつなぐことが多い。
conversely
introducing a statement or idea that reverses one that has just been made or referred to
instead
as an alternative or substitute
nevertheless
in spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same
in spite of that
without being affected by the particular factor mentioned
despite
without being affected by; in spite of
前置詞であり、接続詞ではない。
oppositely
[ attrib. ] having a position on the other or further side of something; facing something, esp. something of the same type
on the one hand / on the other hand
used to present factors that are opposed or that support opposing opinions. 対で用いるのが普通。
文A. On the other hand, 文B. このとき AとBは同じ主題にたいして、異なる見方を示さなければならない。
on the contrary
in/by contrast
contrary to this
whereas
in contrast or comparison with the fact that
unlike
dissimilar or different from each other
14. 譲歩
though
despite the fact that; although
although
in spite of the fact that; even though
even though
but
however
used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously
副詞であり、接続詞ではない。よって文節をつなぐことはできない。セミコロンで文と文をつなぐことが多い。
conversely
introducing a statement or idea that reverses one that has just been made or referred to
instead
as an alternative or substitute
nevertheless
in spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same
notwithstanding
anyhow
at any rate
whatever happens or may have happened • used to indicate that one is correcting or clarifying a previous statement or emphasizing a following one
that being so
15. 結論
in conclusion
as a conclusion
to conclude
conclusively
serving to prove a case; decisive or convincing :
finally
after a long time, typically involving difficulty or delay • as the last in a series of related events or objects • [ sentence adverb ] used to introduce a final point or reason • in such a way as to put an end to doubt and dispute
to sum up
give a brief summary of something
in sum
in summary
in a word
in short
to make a long story short
16. 目的
so that…
in order that…
with the intention; so that
so as to
in such a way that…
in such a way as to
17. 指摘
It should be pointed out that
Note that
Bear in mind that
It is notable that
It is noteworthy that
It should be emphasize that
We should be keep in mind that
18. 類似
similarly
[ sentence adverb ] used to indicate a similarity between two facts or events :
likewise
in the same way; also• used to introduce a point similar or related to one just made
in a like manner; similarly
19. 場合
in the case that, in the situation that, for the case that
場合の意味で用いる。