\section{$B7W;;7k2L(B}

\subsection{Gierasch and Goody (1968) $B%b%G%k$N>l9g(B}

\subsection*{$B7W;;7k2L$N354Q(B}

$B82G.%U%i%C%/%9$r(B\Deqref{GG1968$B$N82G.%U%i%C%/%9(B}$B$GM?$($?>l9g$N7k2L$K$D$$(B
$B$F<($9(B($B0J2<(B Gierash and Goody (1968) $B%b%G%k$H8F$V(B). $B$^$:%9%T%s%"%C%W;~$N(B
$B1tD>29EYJ,I[$NJQ2=$r(B\Dfigref{200K$BEy29$+$i$N%9%T%s%"%C%W(B}$B$K<($9(B. $B9bEYNN0h(B
$B$K$h$C$F29EYJ,I[$NMn$ACe$/F|?t$O0[$J$k(B. $B9bEY(B 5 km $B0J2<$O$*$h$=(B 10 $BF|(B, $B9b(B
$BEY(B 10 km $B0J2<$O(B 20 $BF|DxEY$G$"$k(B. $B7W;;NN0hA4BN(B($B9bEY(B 20 km $B$^$G(B)$B$G$O(B 30 $BF|(B
$BDxEY$G$"$k(B. 30 $BF|0J9_7W;;$rB39T$7$F$b29EYJ,I[$O$[$H$s$IJQ2=$7$J$$(B. $B$3$N(B
$B798~$O=i4|>r7o$rDc29B&(B(160 K)$B$K@_Dj$7$F$bJQ$o$i$J$$(B(\Dfigref{160K$BEy29$+(B
$B$i$N%9%T%s%"%C%W(B}). \Dfigref{$BF|Cf$N1tD>29EYJ,I[$NJQ2=(B}$B0J9_$G$O=i4|>r7o$r(B
220 K $BEy29$H$7$?>l9g$N7k2L$r<($9(B.

\Dfigref{200K$BEy29$+$i$N%9%T%s%"%C%W(B}, \Dfigref{160K$BEy29$+$i$N%9%T%s%"%C(B
$B%W(B}$B$K<($7$?%9%T%s%"%C%W;~4V$O2a5n$N8&5f$HHf$YD9$$(B. Gieracsh and Goody
(1968) $B$O7W;;3+;O(B 8 $BF|8e$G$NA0F|$H$N29EY:9$O(B 1 K $B0J2<$K$J$C$?$HJs9p$7$F(B
$B$$$k(B.  Savij\"arvi (1991) $B$O9bEY(B 10 km $B0J2<$N%b%G%k$G(B 2 $BF|8e$K$O5,B'E*$J(B
$BF|JQ2=$,4Q;!$5$l$k$h$&$K$J$C$?(B, $B$H$7$F$$$k(B. Haberle {\it et al.}, (1993) 
$B$O6-3&AXFb(B($B9bEY$*$h$=(B 5 km $B0J2<$NNN0h(B) $B$G$O(B, $B7W;;3+;O8e(B 6 $BF|$G$NA0F|$H$N(B
$B29EY:9$O(B 0.2 K $B0J2<$G$"$k(B, $B$HJs9p$7$F$$$k(B. $B$3$l$i$N0c$$$N860x$O$h$/$o$+(B
$B$i$J$$(B. $B7W;;J}K!$N0c$$$K$h$k$b$N$+$b$7$l$J$$(B.

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center} 
\Depsf[130mm][]{./ps/fig01.ps}
\vspace{-1cm}
\caption{Gierash and Goody (1968) $B%b%G%k$K$h$k1tD>29EYJ,I[$N;~4VJQ2=(B. 220 K
 $BEy29Bg5$$r=i4|>r7o$H$7$?>l9g(B. 10 $BF|$4$H$K(B LT=6:00 $B$N29EYJ,I[$r<($7$?(B.}
\Dfiglab{200K$BEy29$+$i$N%9%T%s%"%C%W(B} 
%\end{center}
%\end{figure}
%
%\begin{figure}[tbh]
%\begin{center} 
\Depsf[130mm][]{./ps/fig02.ps}
\vspace{-1cm}
\caption{Gierash and Goody (1968) $B%b%G%k$K$h$k1tD>29EYJ,I[$N;~4VJQ2=(B. 160 K
 $BEy29Bg5$$r=i4|>r7o$H$7$?>l9g(B. 10 $BF|$4$H$K(B LT=6:00 $B$N29EYJ,I[$r<($7$?(B.}
\Dfiglab{160K$BEy29$+$i$N%9%T%s%"%C%W(B} 
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\Dfigref{$BF|Cf$N1tD>29EYJ,I[$NJQ2=(B}, \Dfigref{$BLk4V$N1tD>29EYJ,I[$NJQ2=(B}$B$K(B
220 K $BEy29Bg5$$r=i4|>r7o$H$7$?>l9g$N7W;;3+;O8e(B 31 $BF|L\$N29EYJ,I[$NF|JQ2=(B
$B$r<($9(B. $BF|Cf$NCOI=5$29$O(B 230 K $B$r1[$((B, $BLk4V$NCOI=5$29$O(B 180 K $B6a$/$^$G2<(B
$B$k(B. $BF|Cf$NCOLLIU6a$G$O29EY8{G[$NHs>o$KBg$-$$G.6-3&AX$,7A@.$5$l$F$$$k$3$H(B
$B$,$o$+$k(B. $BF|Cf$NBPN.AX$N8|$5$O$*$h$=(B 7 km $BA08e$H$J$k(B. $B5$29$NF|JQ2=$NMM;R(B
$B$O(B Pollack {\it et al.}, (1979) $B$N%@%9%H$,$J$$>l9g$N7k2L$H$[$H$s$IF1$8$G(B
$B$"$k(B. \Dfigref{$BCOLL29EY$NF|JQ2=(B}$B$K$OCOLL29EY$NF|JQ2=$NMM;R$r<($9(B.

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center} 
\Depsf[130mm][]{./ps/fig03.ps}
\vspace{-1cm}
\caption{Gierash and Goody (1968) $B%b%G%k$K$h$kF|Cf$N1tD>29EYJ,I[$NJQ2=(B. $B?t;z(B
 $B$O;~9o$rI=$9(B.}
\Dfiglab{$BF|Cf$N1tD>29EYJ,I[$NJQ2=(B}

\Depsf[130mm][]{./ps/fig04.ps}
\vspace{-1cm}
\caption{Gierash and Goody (1968) $B%b%G%k$K$h$kLk4V$N1tD>29EYJ,I[$NJQ2=(B. $B?t;z(B
 $B$O;~9o$rI=$9(B.}
\Dfiglab{$BLk4V$N1tD>29EYJ,I[$NJQ2=(B}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\Dfigref{$B1tD>3H;678?t$NJ,I[(B}$B$O1tD>3H;678?t$H$=$l$+$iI>2A$7$?1tD>B.EY(B
($w=K/z$) $B$N1tD>J,I[$G$"$k(B. $B1tD>B.EY$NBg$-$5$O:GBg$G$b(B 4 m/sec $BDxEY$G$"(B
$B$k(B.  Gierash and Goody (1968) $B$N7k2L$HHf$Y$k$H(B, $B3H;678?t(B, $B1tD>B.EY$H$b$K(B
$BBPN.AX$NGX$,Dc$/$J$C$?J,>.$5$/$J$C$F$$$k(B.

\Dfigref{$BCOLL29EY$NF|JQ2=(B}$B$OCOLL$HCOI=LL29EY$NF|JQ2=$r<($9(B. $BCOI=LL29EY$O(B
170 K $B$+$i(B 270 K $B$^$GJQ2=$9$k(B. $BF|JQ2=$N1F6A$OF|<~4|$KBP1~$9$kI=Hi?<$5Dx(B
$BEY$K$^$G5Z$V(B. 

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center} 
\Depsf[130mm][]{./ps/fig05.ps}
\vspace{-2cm}
\caption{Gierash and Goody (1968) $B%b%G%k$K$h$k1tD>3H;678?t$H$=$l$+$i8+@Q(B
 $B$b$C$?1tD>B.EYJ,I[$NF|JQ2=(B. $B?t;z$O;~9o$rI=$9(B.}
\Dfiglab{$B1tD>3H;678?t$NJ,I[(B} 
%\end{center}
%\end{figure}
\vspace{1cm}
%\begin{figure}[tbh]
%\begin{center} 
\Depsf[130mm][]{./ps/fig06.ps}
\vspace{-2cm}
\caption{Gierash and Goody (1968) $B%b%G%k$K$h$k(B($B:8(B)$BCOLL29EY$NF|JQ2=(B. $B=D<4(B
 $B$OF|<~4|$KBP1~$9$kI=Hi?<$5$G$"$k(B. $B?t;z$O;~9o$rI=$9(B. ($B1&(B)$BCOI=LL29EY(B($B<B@~(B)
 $B$HCOI=5$29(B($BE@@~(B)$B$NF|JQ2=(B. $BCOI=5$29$O9bEYLs(B 1.5 m $B$G$N5$29$G$"$k(B.}
\Dfiglab{$BCOLL29EY$NF|JQ2=(B} 
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{$BG.<};Y(B}

\Dfigref{$BG.<};Y(B}$B$KCOLL$HBg5$$NG.<};Y$NF|JQ2=$r<($9(B. $B$3$l$h$jCOLL$bBg5$$b(B
$B$[$\G.E*J?9U>uBV$K$"$k$3$H$,$o$+$k(B($B$=$l$>$l$N@~$G0O$^$l$?LL@Q$r7W;;$9$k(B
$B$H$o$+$k(B). $BCOI=LL$NG.<};Y$K$*$$$F$OF|<M$HCOLL$+$i<M=P$5$l$k@5L#$N@V30J|(B
$B<M$,Bn1[$9$k(B. $B82G.$N@j$a$k3d9g$OHs>o$K>.$5$$(B. $B$7$?$,$C$F82G.$,B?>/JQ2=$7(B
$B$?$H$7$F$bCOI=LL$NG.<};Y$O$=$l$K1F6A$5$l$J$$(B. $B$7$+$7Bg5$$K$H$C$F$OF|Cf$N(B
$B82G.2CG.$OA4BN$N$*$h$=(B 1/4 $B$r@j$a$k(B. $B$=$l$f$(82G.$NM-0U$JJQ2=$OBg5$A4BN(B
$B$NG.<};Y(B, $B$R$$$F$OBg5$$N29EY9=B$$K>/$J$+$i$:1F6A$rM?$($k$H9M$($i$l$k(B.
Gierash and Goody (1968) $B$N82G.%U%i%C%/%9$r(B 2 $BG\$*$h$S(B 1/2 $B$K$7$?7W;;$G(B
$B$O(B, $BBPN.7w3&LL9bEY$,M-0U$KJQ2=$7$F$$$k(B. $BH`$i$O<($7$F$$$J$$$,(B, $B$=$NM}M3$O(B
$B$*$=$i$/(B\Dfigref{$BG.<};Y(B}$B$K<($7$?$h$&$JG.<};Y$K$"$k$H9M$($i$l$k(B. 

\begin{figure}[tbh]
\begin{center} 
\Depsf[130mm][]{./ps/fig07.ps}
\vspace{-2cm}
\caption{Gierash and Goody (1968) $B%b%G%k$K$h$kG.<};Y$NF|JQ2=(B($B=D<4$O$=$l(B
 $B$>$l(B W/m${}^{2}$). ($B:8(B)$BCOI=LL$NG.<};Y(B. $B<B@~$O@5L#$NB@M[J|<M%U%i%C%/%9(B
 ($(1-A)F_{s}(0)$), $BE@@~$O@5L#$N@V30J|<M%U%i%C%/%9(B($-F_{IR,net}(0)$), $BGK(B
 $B@~$O82G.%U%i%C%/%9(B($-H$)$B$G$"$k(B. $BCOI=LL$r2CG.$9$k8~$-$r@5$K$H$k(B. ($B1&(B)$BBg5$(B
 $B$X$N@5L#$N2CG.NL(B. $B<B@~$OB@M[J|<M(B($B6a@V30(B)$B$K$h$k@5L#$N2CG.NL(B
 ($F_{NIR}^{\downarrow}(\infty)-F_{NIR}^{\downarrow}(0)$), $BE@@~$O@V30(B 
 $BJ|<M$K$h$k@5L#$N2CG.NL(B
 ($F_{IR,net}(0)-F_{IR,net}(\infty)$), $BGK@~$O82G.%U%i%C%/%9(B($H$)$B$G$"$k(B.
 $BBg5$$r2CG.$9$k8~$-$r@5$K$H$k(B.}
\Dfiglab{$BG.<};Y(B} 
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\Dfigref{$B2CG.N(J,I[(B}$B$O290L$KBP$9$k2CG.N($N1tD>J,I[$r(B LT=10:00 $B$+$i(B 2 $B;~(B
$B4VKh$K<($7$?$b$N$G$"$k(B. $B$3$3$G$NJ|<M2CG.$O(B CO${}_{2}$ $B$N@V30$H6a@V302CG.(B
$B!&Nd5Q$rN>J}4^$`(B. $B$?$@$7F|Cf$N6a@V302CG.$O(B 1 K/day $BDxEY$K$7$+$J$i$J$$$?(B
$B$a(B, $B?^Cf$NJ|<M2CG.$O$[$H$s$I@V30J|<M$K$h$k$b$N$H9M$($F$h$$(B. $BJ|<M2CG.!&Nd(B
$B5Q$OCOI=IU6a$GHs>o$KBg$-$/(B 100 K/day $B$r1[$($kBg$-$5$r;}$D(B. $BBPN.2CG.$OG.(B
$B6-3&AXFb$KBP1~$9$kNN0h$G$OBg$-$JIi$NCM$r;}$D(B. $BBPN.AXFb$G$NBPN.2CG.N($O(B
10$\sim$50 K/day $B$G$"$k(B.

\begin{figure}[tbh]
\begin{center} 
\Depsf[130mm][]{./ps/fig08.ps}
\caption{Gierash and Goody (1968) $B%b%G%k$K$h$k290L$KBP$9$k2CG.N((B(K/day)
 $B$N1tD>J,(B $BI[$NF|JQ2=(B. LT=10:00 $B$+$i(B 2 $B;~4VKh$N7k2L(B. $B<B@~$,J|<M2CG.Nd5Q(B,
 $BE@@~$,BPN.2CG.N($G$"$k(B.}
\Dfiglab{$B2CG.N(J,I[(B} 
\end{center}
\end{figure}


