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  \begin{description}
    \item Arakawa, A., Schubert, W.H., 1974 : 
          Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble 
          with the large-scale environment, Part I. 
          {\it J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 31}, 674-701. 
    \item Barnes, G.M., Sieckman, K., 1984 : 
          The environment of fast- and slow-moving 
            tropical convective cloud lines. 
          {\it J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 112}, 1782-1794. 
    \item Cheng, Ming-Dean, 1987 : 
          Effects of downdrafts and mesoscale convective organization 
          on the heat and moisture budgets of squall 
          and nonsquall cloud clusters in the tropics. 
          Ph.D. thesis, Department of Atmospheric Science, UCLA, 222 pp. 
    \item Dopplick, T.G., 1970, : 
          Global radiative heating of the earth's atmosphere. 
          Rep. No. 24, Planet. Circ. Project, 
          Dept. of Meteorology, MIT, 128 pp.
    \item Gamache, J.F., Houze, R.J., Jr., 1982 :
          Mesoscale air motions associated 
          with a tropical squall line.
          {\it Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 110}, 118-135. 
    \item Houze, R.J., Jr., 1977 :
          Structure and dynamics of a tropical squall-line systems. 
          {\it Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 103}, 1540-1567. 
    \item Houze, R.J., Jr., Betts, A.K., 1981 :
          Convection in GATE.
          {\it Rev. Geophys. Space Physics}, {\bf 19}, 541-576.
    \item International Science and Management Group, 1975a : 
          GATE Report No.17 : 
          Report on the field phase of the GATE meteorological atlas. 
    \item Leary, C.A., Houze, R.A.Jr., 1979 : 
          The sturcture and evolution of convection 
            in a tropical cloud cluster. 
          {\it J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 36}, 437-457. 
    \item Nitta, T, 1977 : 
          Response of cumulus updraft and downdraft 
          to GATE A/B-scale motion systems��
          {\it J.Atmos.Sci.}, {\bf 34}, 1163-1186. 
    \item Reed, R.J., Norquist, D.C., Recker, E.E., 1977 : 
          The structure and properties of African wave disturbances 
            as observed during phase III of GATE. 
          {\it Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 105}, 317-333. 
    \item Simpson, J., 1976 : 
          The GATE aircraft program : a personal view. 
          GATE : Report on the field phase. 
          {\it Bulletin American Meteorological Society},
          {\bf 57}, 27-30.
          {\it J. Applied Met.}, {\bf 8}, 799-814.
    \item Zipser, E. J., 1977 : 
          Mesoscale and convective-scale downdrafts 
          as distinct components of squall-line circulation. 
          {\it Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 105}, 1568-1589. 
    \item Zipser, E. J., Meitin, R.J., LeMone, M.A., 1981 : 
          Mesoscale motion fields associated with a slowly moving GATE 
          convective band. 
          {\it J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 38}, 1725-1750. 
  \end{description}
