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\Dtitle{\LARGE{�M�ё�C���̓񎟌��ω_�Η��̐��l�v�Z\\
-�����̑�C���x�ɑ΂��銴�x-}}
\author{�_�ˑ�w��w�@���w�����Ȓn���f���Ȋw��U
\\ �n������јf����C�Ȋw������
\\ ���m�ے��O���ے�2~�N�@�@�@����~~��}
\date{2011/02/03}
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~~�n���̑�C���ł͐��̑��ω��𔺂��Η�������, ���̂悤�ȑΗ��͐ω_�Η��ƌĂ΂�Ă���. %
�܂�, �n����C�̉����\�����ێ�������̂̈�Ƃ��đΗ��������m���Ă���,~%
���̉ߒ��ł͒n�\�t�߂̃G�l���M�[���Η����ւƗA�������. %
�܂�, �M�ю����тł͂��̖L�x�Ȑ����C�ʂɂ���ĊC�ʋ߂��̔M�G�l���M�[������, �����ÓI
�G�l���M�[�̉������z�͖�600 mb �̍��x�ɍŏ��l������ (Riehl and Malkus, 1958). %
Riehl and Malkus (1958) �ł�, ���̂悤�ȔM�G�l���M�[�̉������z���ێ������@�\��, �M�ю����тł̃G�l
���M�[���x��͂ɂ���Č������ꂽ. ���̌�������, �M�ё�C�̑Η������w�Ə�w�Ƃ̔M���x�̃o�����X�ɂ�����, �ω_�Η��ɂ�鉺�w�̔M�A���̖�����
���ɑ傫�����Ƃ������ꂽ. ���̂���, ���Ȃ��Ƃ��M�ш�ł�, �ω_�Η��͒n����C�̉����\�������肷���ŏd�v�Ȃ��̂̈��
����ƌ�����.

Derbyshire (2004) �ł͎��R�Η����̎��x��ω������鐔�l�������s���, �ፂ�x�`�����x�̎��x���Ⴂ�ꍇ��, �[���Η��̌`����
�}�������Ƃ������ʂ�����ꂽ. �܂�, Takemi (2007) �ł�, �����̉��x��, ���x��, �������^�������l�������s��ꂽ. %
���̐��l�����ɂ����鎼�x���, ���̊�{��̒l���C���E�w���Ǝ��R�Η����ŕω����������̂��p����ꂽ. %
����ɂ��, ��C���E�w�̎��x�͗�C�v�[���̌`���Ɗ֘A��, ���̕��Ƃ̃o�����X����Η��n�̋��x�ɉe�����邱�Ƃ������ꂽ. %
���̂悤��, �ω_�Η��̋��x�͑�C���x�ɑ傫���e������邱�Ƃ�������, �ω_�Η��̍\�������肷���ő�C���x���d�v�ȗv�f�ł���
���Ƃ��킩���Ă���. %
������, Derbyshire (2004) �ɂ��Ă�, ���x�ω���^���鍂�x�̉����� 2 km �ɌŒ肳��Ă���, ���̕ω��̕���
25 \%�`90 \% �ł�����. �܂�, Takemi (2007)�ł͋��E�w�̎��x��50 \%�`90 \% �͈̔͂Ɍ����, ���R�Η����̎��x��
25 \% �����ቺ�����邱�Ƃ͂��Ȃ�����. ������, �{�����ł͎��x��0 \% �ɂ�����C�w��l�X�ȍ��x�ɗ^�������l�������s��
��. ���̂悤�ɋɒ[�Ȓl��p���邱�Ƃ�, ���������w�ɑ΂���ω_�Η��̉�������薾�m�Ɍ���邱�Ƃ����҂���. %
�܂�, �����̈�̔�������������������Ƃ����ɒ[�ɐ������l�Ȏ��x���^�������l�v�Z���s���Ă���. %
�����, ������C�ɂ͐��������Ɏ�X�̔��l�������݂�, ���̓��̈�ł��鎼�x�ɒ��ڂ������߂ł���. %
���̐ݒ��, ���x�̐������l�ȕ��z�̉��Ō`�������ω_�Η��̓��������m�Ɍ���邱�Ƃ�ړI�Ƃ��Ă���.

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�{�����ɂ����Ă�, �ω_�Η��̐��l�������s���ړI�����������.~�����,~�Η����ۂ̕�I�����ɍv������
���߂̐��l���f���J���ł���.~�J���������l���f���ł� %
�x�z��������Klemp and Wilhemson (1978) �̓񎟌������k�������n�Ɋ�Â��Ē莮�����ꂽ���R�� (2009)~��
�������n��n���p�Ɉꕔ�C�����ėp���Ă���.~��
���p�����^���[�[�V�����ɂ��Ă�,~��
���g�U�ߒ���1.5~���̃N���[�W���[���f�� %
(Klemp and Wilhemson, 1978 �����CReSS~(�ؖ؂ƍ匴, 2001))~�ŕ\�����Ă���.~�_�����p�����^���[�[�V������Kessler (1969) �̒g�����J�̃o���N�p�����^
���[�[�V������p���Ă���, �^����,~�M,~�����C�̒n�\�ʃt���b�N�X�͊ȗ������ꂽ�o���N�@~(����, 1994)~���̗p����. %
%��Ԃ̗��U����, 2 �����x�܂���4 �����x�̒��S������p���čs��.~���Ԑϕ��ɂ̓��[�h�ʎ��ԕ����@��p��, ���g�ƋÌ��Ɋւ���
%���͒Z�����ԃX�e�b�v�ŕ]����, ���̑��̍��͒������ԃX�e�b�v�ŕ]�����Ă���. �����Ď��ԕ����̗��U���ɂ��Ă�
%���̂悤�ȕ��@���Ƃ��Ă���.~���g�֘A���̗��U���ɂ�HE-VI �@��p��,~���������̉^���������͑O�i����,~����������
%�^������������ш��͕������͌�ލ��� (�N�����N$\cdot$�j�R���\���@) �ŕ]������. %
�܂�, Takemi (2007) �̊�{���p�����Č��v�Z�𕔕��I�ɍs�����Ƃ�, �J���������f���̐��������m���߂�.

�{�_���ōs���������̐ݒ�͎��̓�ł���. (I) ���̍��x�ȏ�̎��x�̊�{��̒l��S�ă[���ɐݒ肷��. ���̎��x���[���ɂ���
���x�̉�����7 km ����1 km �������čs��. ���̍��x��֋X��, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ƌĂ�. �܂�, ������̐U��0.3 K ����Ƃ�, ���̑���%
0.03 K, 0.09 K, 0.9 K, 0.3 K �ɂ��ݒ肷��. (II) ���̍��x�ȏ�̐����̈�̔����̏����̑�C���x���[���ɐݒ肷��. %
�v�Z (I)�Ɠ��l�ɂ��̎��x���[���ɂ��鍂�x�̉���H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ ��7 km ����1 km �������čs��. �֋X��, ���������w�������x��
�Ɏ��̈���u�����̈�v, �����łȂ��̈���u�񊣑��̈�v�ƌĂԂ��Ƃɂ���. 

�v�Z(I) �����, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ ���ፂ�x�ɐݒ肳���Ƃ��ɂ�, ���x 10 km �ȏ�ɓ��B����悤�ȋ����_�Η��̔�����
�}�������Ƃ������ʂ�����ꂽ. 

�v�Z(II) �ł�, �v�Z(I) ���������_�Η��̔��B���}������邱�Ƃ������ꂽ. %
�����, �����̈��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ȉ��̑�C�w�̐����C���񊣑��̈�ɗ��ꍞ�ނ��Ƃ�, ���������w���ፂ�x�Ɋg�傷�邱�Ƃ�
�����ł�����. �܂�, �����̈�̐����C����荞�񂾂��Ƃ�, �񊣑��̈�Ő�����_�Η��̋��x�͒����������Ƃ������Ƃ�����ꂽ.

�����, �{�����ł͑�C���x�ɑ΂���ω_�Η��̔��B�̊��x�Ƃ��Ď��̂悤�Ȃ��Ƃ������ꂽ. %
(1) ���R�Η��������Ɋ��������w�����݂���Ƌ����_�Η��̔��B���}�������. (2) �����̑�C���x��
���z�𐅕����l�ɂ����, �����Ɋ��������w���^�����Ȃ������̈�ɂ�����, �_�Η��̋��x������������.

\clearpage
\setcounter{page}{1}
\Dtitle{�M�ё�C���̓񎟌��ω_�Η�}
\tableofcontents
%
%== ����
%* ����: �͂��߂�
%  * �ω_�Η��ɂ��Ă̐���
%    * �ω_�Η��Ƃ�
%    * �ω_�Η��̐�s����
%    * �ω_�Η��̐����Ƃ��Ẵ��\�Η��n�̐���
%  * �����̖ړI
%    * ����ǋy����̂�
%      * Nakajima and Matsuno (1988) �� ���� (1994) ���Q�l�ɂ���
%  * �ǂ�Ȍv�Z��������v��
%  * �_���̍\��
%
%* ����: ���f���̐���
%  * ��b�������n
%  * ������̐���
%    * ��̓I�ȃf�[�^�� Appendix A
%    * ���x�E�C���E���x�̐}���炢�͂����ɍڂ��Ƃ�?
%    * �Ð����̎�
%      * ���o�� Appendix A
%
%* ��O��: �����ݒ�
%  * �e�����̉_�����̑g�ݍ��킹 (�P�[�X) �̐���
%  * �n�̐ݒ�
%    * �v�Z�̈�E�ϕ����ԁE�O���b�h�E������Eetc...
%
%* ��l��: �������ʂƋc�_
%
%* ��܏�: ���_
%
%* �ӎ�
%
%* Appendix
%  * A: �ϐ����X�g
%  * B: ��b�������n�̓��o
%    * ��{��Ə��ɕ�����O
%    * ���`��
%  * C: ������̐ݒ�
%    * ���x�E���Ύ��x�f�[�^
%    * �Ð������t�̎��̕ό`
%
%* �Q�l����
%  * Yamasaki (1983) 
%  * Nakajima and Matsuno (1988)
%  * Nakajima (1994)
%  * Riehl and Malkus (1979)
%  * Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)
%  * Kessler (1969)
%  * etc...
%
\Dtitle{�M�ё�C���̓񎟌��ω_�Η�}
\chapter{����}
\markright{����}
\section{�͂��߂�}
%
%
%
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6cm,angle=90,trim= 10 0 10 0,clip]{Riehl.eps}
\caption{\footnotesize{�M�ю����� (�j��) �Ƃ�������ܓx20 �x���ꂽ�ꏊ (����) �ɂ����鎼���ÓI�G�l���M�[�̉���
���z (Riehl and Malkus, 1958).}}
\label{fig:Riehl}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
�ω_�Η��Ƃ͐��̑��ω��𔺂������Η��ł���.~������, �����ȏ㏸�^���������Ă���̈�ɂ����Ă�, ����
��ԃX�P�[���̃I�[�_�[��1�`10~km~�ł���,~������1~���Ԓ��x�ł���.~%
�n����C�̉����\����,~���ˉߒ���Η��ߒ��ɂ���Ĉێ�����Ă���
���Ƃ��m���Ă���,~�O�҂͒n�\�ł̃G�l���M�[�̑����ƑΗ����ɂ����錸���𐶂�����,~��҂�
�n�\�t�߂̃G�l���M�[��Η����ւƗA������������ʂ���.~%
�܂�, �}\ref{fig:Riehl} �Ɏ������悤��, �M�ю����тł͂��̖L�x�Ȑ����C�ʂɂ���ĊC�ʋ߂��̔M�G�l���M�[������, �����ÓI
�G�l���M�[�̉������z�͖�600 mb �̍��x�ɍŏ��l������. %
Riehl and Malkus (1958) �ł�, ���̂悤�ȔM�G�l���M�[�̉������z���ێ������@�\��, �M�ю����тł̃G�l���M�[���x��͂�
����Č������ꂽ. ���̌�������, �M�ё�C�̑Η������w�Ə�w�Ƃ̔M���x�̃o�����X�ɂ�����, �ω_�Η��ɂ�鉺�w�̔M�A���̖�����
���ɑ傫�����Ƃ������ꂽ. ���̂���, ���Ȃ��Ƃ��M�ш�ł�, �ω_�Η��͒n����C�̉����\�������肷���ŏd�v�Ȃ��̂̈�ł���ƌ�����.

�ω_�Η��ɂ͑傫�ȓ���������.~�����,~�X�̐ϗ��_�͂��ꂼ�ꂪ�Ɨ����đ��݂���
���Ƃ͂��邪,~�����̏ꍇ�ɂ͕����̐ϗ��_����K�͂ɑg�D����,~�傫�Ȑϗ��_�̏W�c���`������Ƃ��������ł���.~%
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���̌`�󂩂�c��󃁃\�Η��n�Ɛ��󃁃\�Η��n�ɕ�������~(���q, 1984).~�O�҂͑傫����10~km~���琔�\km~�̉�ł���,~%
��҂͊����Ȑϗ��_��100~km~�ȏ�ɓn���Đ���ɕ��񂾂��̂ł���.

�ϗ��_�̑g�D���̈�̗�Ƃ���,~�}\ref{fig:SquallLine}~�ł�Houze et al (1989)~�ɂ����󃁃\�Η��n�̈�ł���X
�R�[�����C���̖͎��}�������Ă���.~���̐}��,~Newton (1950), Fujita (1955), Pedgley (1962), Zipser (1969, 1977), %
Houze (1977), Gamache and Houze (1982), Smull and Houze (1985, 1987a) ��,~���ܓx�ƔM�т̗����̌n
�ɂ�����T�O�}�Ɋ�Â�,~Rutledge et al., (1988) �� Johnson and Hamilton (1988) �Ŏ����ꂽ,~%
1985~�N6~��10-11~���Ɋϑ����ꂽ�X�R�[�����C�����Q�l�ɂ��Ă���.~%
���̖͎��}�ɕ\�����X�R�[�����C���̓������ȉ��ɋ�����.~%
(1)~�X�R�[�����C���͐���Ɍ`�����ꂽ�ϗ��_�̗�ɑ΂���,~�S�̓I�ɐ����ȕ����ֈړ�����.~�}�ł̓X�R�[�����C����
������E�Ɉړ����Ă���.~%
(2)~�X�R�[�����C���̑Η���ł�,~����,~�₽�����~����������.~���̉��~����,~0~��~���x�ł̕X���q�̗Z���ɂ���C�̗�p��
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�Z����,~�u���C�g�o���h�ƌĂ΂�鋭�����[�_�[���˂������̈���`������.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=90,trim= 90 10 90 0,clip]{squallline.eps}
\caption{\footnotesize{�w��_�̈�𔺂��X�R�[�����C���̉����f�ʂ̖͎��}.~�X�R�[�����C���͐}�̍�����E�̕�����
�ړ����Ă���,~�Η��_�͎��ʂɐ����ȕ����ɐ���ɕ���ł���.~������,~���������͋C�ۃ��[�_�[���\���_�̊O�`�ł���.~%
�ł��O���̂��������̐���,~�q��@��l�H�q���̊ϑ��ɂ���Ē�`�����_�̗֊s�ł���.~�e��t�����̈�ƍ��h��̗̈��,~%
���[�_�[���ˋ��x�������̈������.~�܂�,~�Η��捶���*~�͕X�����Ӗ���,~���̋O�Ղ��j���ŋL����Ă���.~H~�����L~�͂��ꂼ��
���ΓI�ɋC���������̈�ƒႢ�̈�ł���.~���͑�C�̗���������Ă���.~(Houze et al, 1989)}}
\label{fig:SquallLine}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%%
%%
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=90,trim= 10 0 10 0,clip]{./D03-fig/D03-1.eps}
\caption{\footnotesize{Derbyshire (2004) �ŗp����ꂽ�i�b�W���O�ɂ���Ċ�{����_���v������Ώۃv���t�@�C���̐}.~���}��
����$\theta$~,~�E�}�͑��Ύ��x$RH$~�̑Ώۃv���t�@�C��������.~���ʂ̑Ώۃv���t�@�C���͍��x1~km~��293~K~�ł���,~���������
��̔䗦3~K~$\mathrm{km^{-1}}$~�ō��x�ƂƂ��ɑ���������.~���x2~km~����ł�,~���x�̑Ώۃv���t�@�C���𕡐��p��
���Ă���,~�ȉ��̂悤�ɗ^���Ă���.~%
$RH_t = 90~\%$~(����),~$RH_t = 70~\%$~(�_��),~$RH_t = 50~\%$~(�j��),~$RH_t = 25~\%$~(�_�j��).~%
�Ȃ�,~�����̐}�͍��x1~km~�܂ł̓i�b�W���O��^���Ȃ��Ƃ��̑Ώۃv���t�@�C���ł���.}}
\label{fig:nudging}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%%
%%

�ω_�Η��̐��l�v�Z�Ɋւ����s�������ȉ��ɋ�����.~Yamasaki (1983)~�ł�,~���Ώې��̑䕗�Ɋւ��鐔�l�������s��
��,~�ω_�Η����p�����^���[�[�V���������ɗz�Ɍv�Z���Ă���.~%
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�ω_�Η������B���邱�Ƃ������ꂽ.~�����,~��K�͂Ȓ�C���ƒn�\�ʖ��C�Ƃ̑��ݍ�p��,~�ϗ��_�̑g�D���ɕs���ł���
�Ƃ���~�]����CISK~�̍l���Ƃ͈قȂ���̂ł�����.~Nakajima and Matsuno (1988) �ł�,~��K�͂ɑg�D�������ϗ��_�̏W�c����
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��̉�]���Ȃ���,~��K�͒n�t���^�����Ȃ����̂Ƃ��Ă���.~�_�������ߒ��ɂ�Kessler (1969) �̃o���N�p�����^���[�[�V����
�p��,~�g�p����_�������ߒ��̑g�ݍ��킹��ς������l�������s��ꂽ.~%
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�̍~�����_�Η��ɓ��݂��鐫���ł���ƌ��_�t���Ă���.~�����,~���� (1994) �ł�,~����������4096�`16384~km~�Ƃ����ɂ߂đ傫��
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Derbyshire (2004) �ł�,~��C�̉��x,~���x,~�����ɑ΂���
\[
(\partial \phi / \partial t)_{nudging} = \{ \phi_t(z) - \overline{\phi}(z)\}/t_n
\]
�ŕ\�����悤�Ȍ`���I�ȋ�����^�������l�������s��ꂽ.~���̋������i�b�W���O (nudging) �ƌĂ�.~������,~%
$\phi$~�͕ϐ��̑S��,~$\overline{\phi}(z)$~�͕ϐ��̕��ϒl,~$\phi_t(z)$~�͐}\ref{fig:nudging}~�ɕ\�����悤��,~���ϒl�Ƃ̍�
�ɂ�鋭����^���邽�߂̃v���t�@�C��~(�Ώۃv���t�@�C���ƌĂ�),~$t_n$~�̓i�b�W���O�̎��ԃX�P�[��,~$z$~�͍�����
���W��,~$t$~�͎��Ԃ̍��W���ł���.~%
���x�̑Ώۃv���t�@�C����, ���R�Η����̎��x�ɋ�����^����25 \%, 50\%, 70\%, 90 \% �ɂ��邽�߂̂��̂ł���, %
�}\ref{fig:nudging}~�̉E�}���\���Ă���. %
���ʂƂ���,~���Ύ��x25 \% �̑Ώۃv���t�@�C����p����Ɛ󂢑Η��݂̂�����,~��莼�������Ύ��x�̑Ώۃv���t�@�C
����p����قǂ��[���Η�������邱�Ƃ������ꂽ. %
Takemi (2007) �ł�, �����̉��x��, ���x��, �������^�������l�������s��ꂽ. %
���̐��l�����ɂ����鎼�x���, ���̊�{��̒l���C���E�w���Ǝ��R�Η����ŕω����������̂��p����ꂽ. %
����ɂ��, ��C���E�w�̎��x�͗�C�v�[���̌`���Ɗ֘A��, ���̕��Ƃ̃o�����X����Η��n�̋��x�ɉe�����邱�Ƃ������ꂽ. %

��s��������, �ω_�Η��̋��x�͑�C���x�ɑ傫���e������邱�Ƃ�������, �ω_�Η��̍\�������肷���ő�C���x��
�d�v�ȗv�f�ł��邱�Ƃ��킩���Ă���. %
������, Derbyshire (2004) �ɂ��Ă�, ���x�ω���^���鍂�x�̉����� 2 km �ɌŒ肳��Ă���, ���̕ω��̕���
25 \%�`90 \% �ł�����. �܂�, Takemi (2007)�ł͋��E�w�̎��x��50 \%�`90 \% �͈̔͂Ɍ����, ���R�Η����̎��x��
25 \% �����ቺ�����邱�Ƃ͂��Ȃ�����. ������, �{�����ł͎��x��0 \% �ɂ�����C�w��l�X�ȍ��x�ɗ^�������l�������s��
��. ���̂悤�ɋɒ[�Ȓl��p���邱�Ƃ�, ���������w�ɑ΂���ω_�Η��̉�������薾�m�Ɍ���邱�Ƃ����҂���. %
�܂�, �����̈�̔�������������������Ƃ����ɒ[�ɐ������l�Ȏ��x���^�������l�v�Z���s���Ă���. %
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�Ⴆ��, �}\ref{fig:suga}~�ɂ���悤�ȔM�ю����тɒ��ڂ����, �_�̐��������Ɍ`����Ɣ�`���悪���邱��
���킩��. ���̂悤��, �ω_������
�����ȔM�ю����тɂ����Ă�, �_�̕��z�ɂ͐��������ɕs�ψꂪ���݂���. ������, ���̂悤�Ȑ��������̉_�̗L����, ���x�̑召��
�֘A���Ă���̂ł͂Ȃ����Ɛ��������. ������, �����ɐ��䂳�ꂽ�n�ł͂��邪, �����̈�̔���������������Ƃ���
���x�̐������l����, �����̕��G�ȏ������ł̉_�̔��B�̍\���𗝉����邱�ƂɌq���邱�Ƃ����҂���.
%%
%%
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=90,trim= 10 0 10 0,clip]{suga.eps}
\caption{\footnotesize{���o70 �x�`���o150 �x, �k��17 �x�`���17 �x�̗̈�̉_�摜. �}���̔j����
�M�ю����т̕ӂ������.}}
\label{fig:suga}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%%
%%

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�n����C��z�肵�����l���f���J�����s����.~%
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\chapter{���f���̐���}
\markright{���f���̐���}
\section{��b�������n}
����J���������l���f����,~����$\cdot$�����̓񎟌����f���ł���.~�ȉ��ł͐��������̍��W
�ϐ���$x$,~���������̍��W�ϐ���$z$,~���ԕ����̍��W�ϐ���$t$~�Ƃ���.~%
�ϐ��̒�`�ɂ��Ă�, Appendix A~�̕ϐ����X�g���Q�Ƃ��ꂽ��.

�͊w�I�Șg�g�݂͏����k�������n~(Klemp and Wilhemson, 1978, ���R��, 2009)~��p���Ă���.~���̕������n�ł�
�\��ϐ��𐅕���l�Ȋ�{��Ƃ�������̂���ɕ���,~�������̐��`�����s���Ă���,~�ȉ��̂悤�ɕ\��.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
u &= u'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
w &= w'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
\pi &= \overline{\pi}(z) + \pi'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
T &= \overline{T}(z) + T'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
\theta &= \overline{\theta}(z) + \theta'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
\rho &= \overline{\rho}(z) + \rho'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
q_v &= \overline{q_v}(z) + q_v'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
q_c &= q_c'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
q_r &= q_r'(x,z,t).\nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
������,~$u$ ��$x$ �����̑��x,~$w$ ��$z$ �����̑��x, $\pi$ �̓G�N�X�i�[�֐�,~$T$ �͉��x,~$\theta$ �͉���,~%
$\rho$ �͖��x,~$q_v$ �͐����C�̍�����,~$q_c$~�͉_���̍�����,~$q_r$ �͉J���̍�����ł���.~%
�܂�,~�P~��t�����ϐ��͊�{���,~'~��t�����ϐ��͊�{�ꂩ��̂����\���Ă���.~%
�Ȃ�,~���x�̎��ł͊��������Ǝ��������̕��q�ʂ̍����l�����邪,~�M�̎��ł͍l�����Ȃ�.~���͕������ł�
��f�M���M�ɂ���C�̖c����,~�Ïk�ɔ������͕ω��𖳎����Ă���.~�܂�,~�n���̉�]���������Ă���.

�^��������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{undouhouteisikix}
\frac{\partial u'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial x}
                                  + Turb.u' + F_u, \\
\Deqlab{undouhouteisikiz}
\frac{\partial w'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z} \nonumber \\
                               &~~~~+ \left(\frac{\theta'}{\overline{\theta}}
                                    + \frac{q_v'/M_v}{1/M_d + \overline{q_v} / M_d}
                                    - \frac{q_v' + q_c' + q_r'}{1 + \overline{q_v}}\right) g + Turb.w'.
\end{align}
%%
%%

���͕�����
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{atsuryokuhouteisiki}
\frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial t}=-\frac{\overline{C_{s}^2}}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}
                                   \nabla \cdot \{\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})\Dvect{u'}\}.
\end{equation}
%%
%%

�M�̎�
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{netsunosiki}
\frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial t} &=
                                     -\left(u' \frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial x}
                                     +w' \frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial z}\right)
                                     -w' \frac{\partial \overline{\theta}}{\partial z}
                                     + \frac{1}{\overline{\pi}} (Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis})\nonumber \\
                                    &~~~~+ Turb.\overline{\theta} + Turb.\theta' + F_{\theta}.
\end{align}
%%
%%

������̕ۑ���
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{kongouhiqv}
\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              - w'\frac{\partial \overline{q_v}}{\partial z}
                                              + Src.q_v' + Turb.\overline{q_v} + Turb.q_v' + F_{q_v},\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqc}
\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              + Src.q_c' + Turb.q_c',\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqr}
\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              + Src.q_r' + Fall.q_r' + Turb.q_r'.
\end{align}
%%
%%

�����C�̕��q�ʂ��l�������Ð������t�̎�
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{kihonbakiatsu}
\frac{\partial \overline{p}}{\partial z} = - g\frac{\overline{p}}
{\overline{T}[R^{\ast} / (M_d + r_v(M_v - M_d))]}.
\end{equation}
%%

�G�N�X�i�[�֐�$\pi$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{exner}
\pi \equiv \left( \frac{p}{p_0}\right)^{R_d / C_{pd}}.
\end{equation}
%%
%%

����$\theta$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{oni}
\theta \equiv T \left( \frac{p_0}{p}\right)^{R_d / C_{pd}} = \frac{T}{\pi}.
\end{equation}
%%
%%

���x$\rho$
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{mitsudo}
\rho &= \frac{p}{R_d T}\left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + q_v + q_c' + q_r')\nonumber \\
     &= \frac{p}{R_d T_v} = \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd} / R_d}}{R_d \theta_v}.
\end{align} 
%%
%%

������$\theta_v$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{karioni}
\theta_v = \frac{\theta}{\left( \displaystyle \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + q_v + q_c' + q_r')}.
\end{equation}
%%
%%

���g���x$C_s^2$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{onpa}
C_s^2 = \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d \pi \theta_v.
\end{equation}

������,~$C_{pd}$ �͊�����C�̒舳��M,~$F_{u},~F_{\theta},~F_{q}$~�͂��ꂼ��n�\�ʂ���̉^����$\cdot$�M$\cdot$�����C
�̃t���b�N�X,~$g$ �͏d�͉����x,~$M_d,~M_v$ �͂��ꂼ�ꊣ����C�Ǝ�����C�̕��q��,~$p_0$ �͕W���C��,~$Q_{cnd}$~�͋Ïk�ɂ����M��,~%
$Q_{dis}$ �͎U����M��,~$Q_{rad}$~�͕��˗�p��,~$R^{\ast}$~�͕��ՋC�̒萔,~$R_d$~�͊�����C�̋C�̒萔,~%
$r_v = (M_d / M_v)q_v$ �͐����C�̃�����,~$\theta_v$ �͉�����,~$T_v$ �͉����x,~%
$Turb.$ �͗����g�U��,~$Fall.$~�͉J���̗�����,~$Src.$ �͋Ïk�����̐������ł���.~�܂�,~%
��L�̕��������ŗp�����Ă���$f$~��,~$\theta_v \equiv \theta / f$~�ŕ\�����.

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%�n�\�ʃt���b�N�X%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{�n�\�ʃt���b�N�X}
�n�\�ʂ���̉^����,~�M,~�����C�̃t���b�N�X�͒���~(1994)~�̂悤�ɒP���ȃo���N�@��
����Ē莮�����Ă���.
\begin{align}
F_{u} &= -C_D V_{sfc} \rho u_{z=0}, \\
F_{\theta}    &= -C_D V_{sfc} \rho (T_{z=0} - T_{sfc}), \\
F_{q_v}       &= -C_D V_{sfc} \rho (q_{vz=0} - q_{sfc}) \nonumber \\
              &= -C_D V_{sfc} \rho \left(q_{vz=0} - \frac{M_v}{M_d}\frac{e_{sfc}}{p_{sfc}}
               \right)
\end{align}
������,~$C_D = 0.0015$~�̓o���N�W��,~$e$ �͖O�a���C���ł���,~���t���Y����``$_{z=0}$"~�͑�C�ŉ��w�̒l���Ӗ���,~���t���Y��
��``$_{sfc}$"~�Œn�\�ʂ̒l��\��.~�܂�,~�n�\�ʕ���$V_{sfc}$ ��
\[
V_{sfc} = \sqrt{u^2 + v_0^2}
\]
�ŕ\�����.~������$v_0 = 3$~[m/s]~�͕����̍Œ�l�ł���,~���������Ă��Ȃ��Ă����˂ɂ����M������Ƃ�����
�����I�Ȍ��ۂ��N���邱�Ƃ�ۏ؂���.

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\section{���˗�p}
���˗�p�Ɋւ��Ă�,~����~(1994)~�ɏ]��,~%
�v�Z���Ԃ̐ߖ�ƊȒP���̂���,~���ˉߒ��̌v�Z���s��Ȃ������
,~���˗�p�̌���$Q_{rad}$~��M�̎�~$\Deqref{netsunosiki}$~�̉E�ӂ�
body cooling �Ƃ��ē�������.~��̓I�ȕ\�����ȉ��Ɏ���.

$Q_{rad}$~��,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{housha}
Q_{rad} \equiv \frac{1}{\pi}Q_R + Q_N
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���.~������$Q_R$~��,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{QR}
Q_R(z) = \left \{
\begin{array}{lll}
0 & [\mathrm{\mathrm{K/day}}] & z > 15000~[\mathrm{\mathrm{m}}] \\
2(15000 - z)/5000 & [\mathrm{K/day}] & 10000~[\mathrm{m}]< z < 15000~[\mathrm{m}]\\
2 & [\mathrm{K/day}] & z < 10000~[\mathrm{m}]
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���,~���x�ɂ���ĕω����鐅����l�ȗ�p��\���Ă���.~�܂�,~$Q_N$~�̓j���[�g����p�ł���,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{QN}
Q_N = \frac{\theta'_{MeanX}}{D_N}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���.~������$\theta'_{MeanX}$~�͉��ʂ̏������$x$~�����ɕ��ς����l��,~%
$D_N = 1/5~[1/\mathrm{day}]$~��$Q_N$~�̋��x�ł���.~���̍���,~���f���S�̂̉��x����{�ꂩ��
�傫������Ȃ��悤�ɂ��鍀�ł���.
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\section{�_�������ߒ��̃p�����^���[�[�V����}
�_�����ߒ��̃p�����^���[�[�V�����͐��R�� (2009) �Ɠ������̂��̗p����.

�������n�Ɋ܂܂��Ïk�ɂ����M��$Q_{cnd}$,~������$Src.$,~������$Fall.$~�̕]����Kessler~(1969)~��
�p�����^���[�[�V�����ɏ]���čs���Ă���.

�g�����J�̃p�����^���[�[�V�����ł�,~�C���ƋÏk�����ȉ���3~�̃J�e�S���[�ɕ�����.

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\hline
�L�� & �Ӗ� & ���e \\ \hline
$q_v$ & �����C������ & �C�̂̏�Ԃő�C���ɑ��݂��鐅 \\ \hline
$q_c$ & �_�������� & �������x���[���ȗ��̗̂��q��,~���ۂ̑�C���̉_�� \\
 &  & �ɑΉ�����.~�ʏ� 100~$\mu \mathrm{m}$~�ȉ��̔����ȗ��̗��q�ł���. \\ \hline
$q_r$ & �J�������� & �L�ӂȗ������x�������̗��q��,~���ۂ̑�C���̉J�� \\
 &  & �ɑΉ�����. \\
\hline
\end{tabular} 
\end{center}

�l������������ߒ��͈ȉ��̒ʂ�ł���.~������,~�����̗ʂ͑S�Đ��̒l�Ƃ��Ē�`����,~�����C�����ډJ����
�Ì�����ߒ��͖�������Ă���.

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\hline
�L��  & ���e \\ \hline
$CN_{vc}$ & �Ì��ɂ�鐅���C����_���ւ̕ϊ�~(condensation). \\ \hline
$EV_{cv}$ & �����ɂ��_�����琅���C�ւ̕ϊ�~(evaporation).  \\ \hline
$EV_{rv}$ & �����ɂ��J�����琅���C�ւ̕ϊ�~(evaporation).  \\ \hline
$CN_{cr}$ & ���������ɂ��_������J���ւ̕ϊ�.~�����␅���C�g�U�ɂ��, \\
          & �_���q���J���̑傫���ɂ܂Ő�������~(autocondensation). \\ \hline
$CL_{cr}$ & �Փ˕����ɂ��_������J���ւ̕ϊ�.~�吅�H�������H���Փ˕������� \\
          & (collection). \\ \hline
$PR_{r}$  & �J���̏d�͗����ɔ����J��������̕ω���~(Precipitation). \\
\hline
\end{tabular} 
\end{center}

���̔������ߒ���p����,~$\Deqref{netsunosiki} - \Deqref{kongouhiqr}$~�����������ƈȉ��̂悤�ɂȂ�.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{netsunosiki-bibutsuri}
\frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial z} 
                                      \right) - w'\frac{\partial \overline{\theta}}{\partial z} 
                                     + \frac{L}{C_{pd}\overline{\pi}}(CN_{vc} - EV_{cv} - EV_{rv})\nonumber \\
                                   &~~~~+ \frac{1}{\overline{\pi}}(Q_{rad} + Q_{dis}) + Turb.\overline{\theta} + Turb.\theta'
                                     + F_{\theta},\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqv-bibutsuri}
\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial z} \right)
                                   -w'\frac{\partial \overline{q_v}}{\partial z} -(CN_{vc} - EV_{cv} - EV_{rv})\nonumber \\
                                &~~~~+ Turb.\overline{q_v}+ Turb.q_v',\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqc-bibutsuri}
\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial z} \right)
                                   + (CN_{vc} - EV_{cv} - CN_{cr} - CL_{cr}) + Turb.q_c',\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqr-bibutsuri}
\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial z} \right)
                                   + (CN_{cr} + CL_{cr} - EV_{rv}) + PR_{r} + Turb.q_r'.
\end{align}
%%
%%
������,~$L$~�͐��̏����̐��M$[\mathrm{J~K}^{-1}~\mathrm{kg}^{-1}]$,~$C_{pd}$~�͊�����C��
�舳��M$[\mathrm{J~K}~\mathrm{kg}^{-1}]$~�ł���.
�e�������ߒ��͈ȉ��̂悤�ɒ莮������.

�����C�Ɖ_���̊Ԃ̕ϊ�:~$-CN_{vc} + EV_{cv}$

�_���͗���������,~�����C�Ƃ̊Ԃŏu�ԓI�ɖO�a���߂��N������̂Ƃ���.~���Ȃ킿,~�ڗ��Ȃǂ̍����v�Z�������
���x�Ɛ����C�ʂ��ߖO�a��ԂƂȂ��Ă���ꍇ�ɂ�,~���傤�ǖO�a�ɂȂ�ʂ̐����C���Ì�������.~���,~�ڗ��Ȃǂ�
�����v�Z�������,~�_�������݂���ɂ�������炸���O�a�ɂȂ��Ă���ꏊ�ł͂��傤�ǖO�a�ɂȂ�ʂ̉_��������������.

�_���̕�������:~$CN_{cr}$

Kessler~(1969)~�ɏ]����,~�ȉ��̂悤�ɗ^����.
\begin{equation}
CN_{cr} = (q_c - q_{c0})/\tau_{ac}.
\end{equation}
������, $q_{c0} = 1 \times 10^{-3}$~kg/kg~�͕��������𐶂���ՊE������,~$\tau_{ac} = 1000$~sec~�͕��������̎��Ԃł���.

�_���̏Փ˕���:~$CL_{cr}$

\begin{equation}
CL_{cr} = 2.2 q_c (\overline{\rho}q_r)^{0.875}.
\end{equation}
������,~$\overline{\rho}$ �͕��ς̑�C���x�ł���.

�J���̏���:~$EV_{rv}$

\begin{equation}
EV_{rv} = 4.85 \times 10^{-2} (q_{vsw} - q_v)(\overline{\rho}q_r)^{0.65}.
\end{equation}
������,~$q_{vsw}$ �͐����C�̖O�a������ł���.

�J���̃t���b�N�X:~$PR_{r}$

�J���̏d�͗����ɂ�鍬����̕ω�����,
\begin{equation}
PR_r = \frac{1}{\overline{\rho}}\frac{\partial}{\partial z}(\overline{\rho}U_r q_r)
\end{equation}
�ł���,~�J���̏I�[�������x$U_r~[\mathrm{m~s}^{-1}]$~��
\begin{equation}
U_r = 12.2(q_r)^{0.125}
\end{equation}
�ŗ^����.

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\section{���������̃p�����^���[�[�V����}
���������̃p�����^���[�[�V�����͐��R�� (2009) �Ɠ������̂��̗p����.

(1)~~�^�����������̊g�U��

Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)~�����,~CReSS~(�ؖ؂ƍ匴, 2001)~�Ɠ��l��,~1.5~���̃N���[�W���[
��p���邱�Ƃŉ^���ʂ̔S���g�U���͈ȉ��̂悤�ɏ�����.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{turbuw}
Turb.u_{i} &= -\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\overline{(u_i' u_j')}\nonumber \\
           &= -\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\biggl[
             -K_m \left( \frac{\partial u_i}{\partial x_j} + \frac{\partial u_j}{\partial x_i} \right)
              +\frac{2}{3}\delta_{ij}E\biggr].
\end{align}
%%
%%
������$K_m$~�͉^���ʂɑ΂��闐���g�U�W���ł���,~$E$~�̓T�u�O���b�h�X�P�[���̗����G�l���M�[
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{ranryuenergy}
E = \frac{1}{2}\overline{(u')^2 + (w')^2} = \frac{K_m^2}{C_m^2l^2}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���.~������,~$C_m = 0.2$,~��������$l = (\Delta x \Delta z)^{1/2}$~�Ƃ���.~�܂�,~$\Delta x,\Delta z$~�͂��ꂼ�ꐅ�������
�����i�q�Ԋu�ł���.

(2)~~�M�̎��̊g�U��

Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)~�����,~CReSS~(�ؖ؂ƍ匴, 2001)~�Ɠ��l��,~1.5~���̃N���[�W���[
��p���邱�Ƃŉ��ʂ̔S���g�U���͈ȉ��̂悤�ɏ�����.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{turboni}
Turb.\theta &= -\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\overline{(u_j' \theta')}\nonumber \\
           &= -\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\left(
              K_h \frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x_j}\right).
\end{align}
%%
%%
������$K_h$~�͉��ʂɑ΂��闐���g�U�W���ł���.

(3)~~�����G�l���M�[�̎�

Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)~�����,~CReSS~(�ؖ؂ƍ匴, 2001)~�Ɠ��l��,~1.5~���̃N���[�W���[
��p���邱�Ƃ�,~�����G�l���M�[�̎��Ԕ��W�������͈ȉ��̂悤�ɏ�����.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial z}\right)
                                   -\frac{3g C_m^2 l^2}{2 \overline{\theta_v}}\left(\frac{\partial \theta_{el}}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
                              &~~~~+ (C_m^2 l^2)\biggl[\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)^2 + 
                                   \left(\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}\right)^2 \biggr]\nonumber \\
                              &~~~~+ \frac{C_m^2 l^2}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial w}{\partial x}\right)^2
                                   - \frac{K_m}{3}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w}{\partial z}\right)\nonumber \\
                              &~~~~\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial^2 K_m^2}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 K_m^2}{\partial z^2}\right)
                                   + \left(\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial x}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial z}\right)^2 \nonumber \\
                              &~~~~-\frac{1}{2l^2}K_m^2.
\end{align}
%%
%%
$\theta_{el}$~�͈ȉ��̂悤�ɒ�`����.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\theta_{el} &= \overline{\theta_v} + \theta_v'~~~~(for~q_c = 0),\\
\theta_{el} &= \overline{\theta_v} + \theta_v'+\frac{\Sigma Lq_v}{C_{pd}\overline{\pi}}~~~~(for~q_c > 0).
\end{align} 
%%
%%
������,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\overline{\theta_v} + \theta_v' = \overline{\theta_v}\biggl\{
1 + \frac{\theta}{\overline{\theta}} + \frac{\Sigma q_v / M_v}{1/M_d + \Sigma \overline{q_v}/M_v}
                                 - \frac{\Sigma q_v + \Sigma q_c + \Sigma q_r}{1 + \Sigma \overline{q_v}}\biggr\}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���.

(4)~~�U����M���̕\��

�U����M��$Q_{dis}$~��,~�����G�l���M�[�̎U�퍀�����Ƃ�,~�ȉ��̂悤�ɗ^����.
\begin{equation}
Q_{dis} = \frac{1}{\overline{C_p}}\frac{C_{\varepsilon}}{l} \frac{K_m^3}{(C_m l)^3}
\end{equation}
������,~$C_{\varepsilon} = 0.2$,~$l = (\Delta x \Delta z)^{1/2}$~�ł���.

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\section{���x$\cdot$���x$\cdot$�C���̊�{��}
�{�����Őݒ肵�����x$\cdot$���x$\cdot$�C���̊�{��͈ȉ��̂悤�ɂ��ė^����.
$\\[-3.0em]$
\begin{itemize}
\item[(1)] ���x�Ƒ��Ύ��x�̉������z��,~Yamasaki (1983)~�ł��p����ꂽGATE~�ɂ��
�ϑ��l���g�p����.~�Ȃ�,~��̓I�Ȓl��Appendix~C~�ɋL����.
\item[(2)] ��L�̉��x�Ƒ��Ύ��x�̉������z��,~�����C�̕��q�ʂ��l�������Ð������t�̎�~$\Deqref{kihonbakiatsu}$~%
����C���̊�{������߂�.~�܂�,~���f�����ł͑��Ύ��x�͍�����ɕϊ����ėp���Ă���.
\end{itemize}
$\\[-3.0em]$
�}\ref{fig:basicstate} �͏�L�̂悤�ɂ��ē���ꂽ���x$\cdot$���x$\cdot$�C���̏������\��.
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%%%%%��{��̊G%%%%%%%%
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\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, �E, ��, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[����:~���x\mbox{[}K\mbox{]},~�c��:~���x\mbox{[}km\mbox{]}.]{% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.4cm,angle=90,trim= 140 110 100 100,clip]{basictemp.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[����:~���Ύ��x\mbox{[}\%\mbox{]},~�c��:~���x\mbox{[}km\mbox{]}.]{% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.4cm,angle=90,trim= 140 110 100 100,clip]{basichumidity.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[����:~����\mbox{[}$10^4$~Pa\mbox{]},~�c��:~���x\mbox{[}km\mbox{]}.]{% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.4cm,angle=90,trim= 140 110 100 100,clip]{basicpress.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[����: �����C������\mbox{[}$10^{-3}$ kg/kg\mbox{]}, �c��: ���x\mbox{[}km\mbox{]}.]{% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.4cm,angle=90,trim= 140 110 100 100,clip]{basicmixrt.eps}
  }
  \caption{(a):~���x�̊�{��,~(b):~���x�̊�{��,~%
(c):~�C���̊�{��, (d):~�����C������̊�{��.}
  \label{fig:basicstate}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\section{���U���̊T�v}
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\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6cm,angle=90,trim= 0 100 0 0,clip]{grid.eps}
\caption{\footnotesize{�i�q�_�̔z�u (���R��, 2006).}}
\label{fig:���U��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
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���U���͐��R (2006) �Ɠ������@���̗p���Ă���,~�����ł͂��̊T�v���ȒP�ɐ�������.~�{���f���ɂ�����i�q�_�̔z�u���@��
,~����������Arakawa C �O���b�h,~���������ɂ� Lorenz �O���b�h��p���Ă���,~�}\ref{fig:���U��} �Ɏ���.~�}�ɂ���悤�ɑS�ẴX�J���[��
�͊i�q�_�̒��S�ɔz�u����.~�x�N�g���ʂɂ��Ă�,~$x$ �����̃x�N�g���ʂ͐��������ɔ��i�q���炵,~���������ɂ̓X�J���[�ʂ�
�����Ƃ��Ă���.~�܂�, $z$~�����̃x�N�g���ʂ͉��������ɔ��i�q���炵,~���������ɂ̓X�J���[�ʂƓ����Ƃ��Ă���.

��Ԃ̗��U����, 2 �����x�܂���4 �����x�̒��S������p���čs��.~���Ԑϕ��ɂ̓��[�h�ʎ��ԕ����@��p��, ���g�ƋÌ��Ɋւ���
���͒Z�����ԃX�e�b�v�ŕ]����, ���̑��̍��͒������ԃX�e�b�v�ŕ]�����Ă���. �����Ď��ԕ����̗��U���ɂ��Ă�
���̂悤�ȕ��@���Ƃ��Ă���.~���g�֘A���̗��U���ɂ�HE-VI �@��p��,~���������̉^���������͑O�i����,~����������
�^������������ш��͕������͌�ލ��� (�N�����N$\cdot$�j�R���\���@) �ŕ]������.
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\chapter{���f���̃e�X�g�v�Z}
\markright{���f���̃e�X�g�v�Z}
�{�͂ł�,~�{�����ŊJ���������l���f���̐��������m���߂邽�߂ɍs�����e�X�g�v�Z���ʂ�����.~%
�e�X�g�v�Z�ł�,~Takemi (2007) �̍Č��v�Z�𕔕��I�ɍs����.%~Takemi (2007) �Ƒ�܂��Ɍ��ʂ���v���邱�Ƃ�ړI�Ƃ���.
\section{Takemi (2007) �̊T�v}
\subsection{�v�|}
Takemi (2007) �ł�,~���ꂪ�l�X�ł���C���Ŕ��B����X�R�[�����C���ɂ���,~���x$\cdot$���x$\cdot$�����̃V�A�[
�̉����v���t�@�C���ɑ΂���X�R�[�����C�����x�̊��x�������s��ꂽ.~%
Takemi (2007) �ōs��ꂽ���x�����ł�,~���ܓx�̗���ƔM�т̊C������肵�����x�̓�̉����v���t�@�C���ɑ΂���,~�l�X
�Ȏ��x�̉����v���t�@�C���ƕ����̃V�A�[���^�����Ă���.

\subsection{Takemi (2007) �̔w�i}
�X�R�[�����C���̔��B�@�\�Ɋւ��Ă͎��̂悤�Ȑ�s����������.~�܂�,~Rotunno et al. (1988), Weisman et al. (1988), %
Fovell and Ogura (1989), Robe and Emanuel (2001), Weisman and Rotunno (2004) �ł�,~�����V�A�[�̂��镗��, ���\�~���n�̔��B��
�����`��������C�v�[���̑��ݍ�p�ɂ��X�R�[�����C���̔��B�@�\�̌��������ꂽ.~���̌����ɂ����,~��C�v�[���̌���
�Ȃǂ̋��x�Ɖ����V�A�[�̂��镗�̃o�����X���, �X�R�[�����C�����x�ɉe�����邱�Ƃ������ꂽ.~�܂�,~���͂ł�����������,~%
�M�͊w�I�ϓ_����X�R�[�����C���̔��B�ɂ��Đ��X�̌��������ꂽ.~(�M�т�����: LeMone et al., 1988, ���M�т�����: %
Wang et al., 1990, ���ܓx�A�����J������: Bluestein and Jain, 1985, ���{������: Chuda and Niino, 2005).~%
�܂�Takemi (2006) �ł͒��ܓx�����肵�����x���,~�l�X�Ȏ��x��Ɖ����V�A�[�̂��镗��ݒ肵���X�R�[�����C�����x�̊��x����
���s��ꂽ.~�ȏ�̐�s������ʂ���,~Takemi (2007) �ł͈قȂ鉷�x��ł̃X�R�[�����C�����x�Ɋւ��鐔�l�����ƌ��ʂ̔�r��
�c���Ă���Ƃ�,~��̉��x��Ɨl�X�Ȏ��x��,~�����V�A�[�̂��镗��p�����X�R�[�����C�����x�̊��x�������s��ꂽ.

\section{Takemi (2007) �̐��l�v�Z�̐ݒ�}
Takemi (2007) �ōs��ꂽ���l�v�Z�̐ݒ���ȉ��ɋL��.
%
%
\begin{itemize}
\item ���l���f��: Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) ���f���̃o�[�W���� 1.3 (Skamarock et al., 2001).~�����3~�����̊��S���k�������n��p���Ă���.
\item ���E����: ���������͊J�������E��,~���������͌Œ苫�E (��[) �Ƃ��ׂ�Ȃ����� (���[).
\item �_�����ߒ�: Kessler, (1969) �̒g�����J�̃o���N�p�����^���[�[�V������,~Lin et al. (1983) �̕X���X�L�[��.
\item �����ߒ�: �R���I����,~�n�\�ʉߒ�,~���ˉߒ��͖���.
\item �����ߒ�: Klemp and Wilhemson (1978) ��1.5~���̃T�u�O���b�h�X�P�[���̗������f��.
\item �v�Z�̈� (���ܓx��): ���� ($x$) 450 km, ����($y$) 160 km, ����($z$) 18 km.
\item �v�Z�̈� (�M�я�): ���� ($x$) 450 km, ����($y$) 40 km, ����($z$) 18 km.
\item �i�q�Ԋu: ����($x,y$): 1 km, ����($z$): 500 m (�M�я�̉��w�� 125 m).
\item �ϕ�����: 6~����.
\item ��������: $x$ ���� 20 km, $z$ ������ 3 km �̑傫����, y ���ɕ��s�ȃ��C���T�[�}�������x300 m �ɒu��.~�T�[�}���̒��S��1.5~K �Ƃ�,~%
                ���K���z�����Ă���.~�܂�,~���C���T�[�}���ɉ����ĐU��0.1 K �̃����_���ȏ�����z������.
\end{itemize}
\clearpage
\section{Takemi (2007) �̊�{��̐���}
%
\begin{figure}[h] %
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{���ʂ̊�{��}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=90,trim= 0 110 0 100,clip]{TakemiTemp.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{�M�я�̎��x�̊�{��}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 10 132 40 50,clip]{TakemiTropicRH.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{���ܓx��̎��x�̊�{��}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=90,trim= 22 50 42 50,clip]{TakemiMidRH.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{�����V�A�[�̂��镗�̃v���t�@�C��}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 50 135 40 120,clip]{TakemiVel.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{Takemi (2007) �ŗp����ꂽ��{��̉��ʂƎ��x�̉����v���t�@�C���Ɖ����V�A�[�̂��镗�̃v���t�@�C��.~(a) ��{���
���ʂ̉����v���t�@�C��.~%
�v�Z�ɗp����ꂽ�͎̂����̒��ܓx�� (MIDLAT) �Ɣj���̔M�я� (TROPICS) �ł���.~USSTD+15 �̓A�����J�W����C,~OBS-TROPICS %
�͔M�тŊϑ����ꂽ���x�̉����v���t�@�C�����Ӗ�����.~(b)~�M�я�ɗ^�����{��̎��x�̉����v���t�@�C��.~%
(c) ���ܓx��ɗ^�����{��̎��x�̉����v���t�@�C��.~(d) �����V�A�[�̂��镗�̃v���t�@�C��.~�V�A�[��^���鍂�x�ɂ�3~�p�^�[������,~%
���x0�`2.5 km,~���x2.5�`5.0 km, ���x5.0�`7.5 km �ł���.~$U_s$~�̓V�A�[�̂��镗�̍ő啗���ł���.}}
  \label{fig:Pedlosky-1987}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%
%
������,~Takemi (2007) �̊�{��ɂ��Đ�������.~�Ȃ�,~����ȍ~�͒��ܓx�̉��x������肵���ꍇ�𒆈ܓx��,~�M�т̉��x���
���肵���ꍇ��M�я�ƌĂԂ��Ƃɂ���.~�}3.1(a)~��Takemi (2007) �ŗp����ꂽ���ʂ̊�{���
�����v���t�@�C��$\overline{\theta}(z)$~�������Ă���,~�����ŕ`���ꂽMIDLAT �͒��ܓx����Ӗ���,~�j���ŕ`����
��TROPICS~���M�я���Ӗ�����.~���̃v���t�@�C����,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{TakemiTemp}
\overline{\theta} (z)= \left \{
\begin{array}{ll}
\theta_0 + (\theta_{tr} - \theta_0) \left( \displaystyle \frac{z}{z_{tr}}\right)^{5/4}& z \leq z_{tr}, \\
\theta_0 \exp \biggl[ \displaystyle \frac{g}{C_p T_{tr}} (z - z_{tr}) \biggr] & z > z_{tr} \\
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ŕ\�����~(Weisman and Klemp, 1982).~������,~$\theta_0 = 300$~K~�͒n�\�ʂ̉���,~$\theta_{tr}$~�͑Η����E�ʂł̉���,~$C_p$~�͒舳��M,~%
$z_{tr} = 12$~km~�͑Η����E�ʍ��x,~$T_{tr}$~�͑Η����E�ʂł̉��x�ł���.~���ܓx��ƔM�я��,~���ꂼ��
$\theta_{tr} = 343$~K,~$\theta_{tr} = 358$~K~�Ƃ��邱�Ƃŋ�ʂ����.~%
����Ő}3.1(b),(c)~�Ŏ������,~���x�̊�{��̉����v���t�@�C��$RH(z)$~��,~�n�\�ʂ��獂�x1.5~km~�܂ł͈��̐����C�����䂪�^�����,~%
10, 12, 14, 16, 18 g/kg~�Ƃ����l��^���Ă���.~�Ȃ����̐�����,~�}3.1(b),(c)~���̃��x���ɏ����ꂽ�����ɑΉ����Ă���,~%
����ȍ~�̓��x���̕\�L�ɏ]�� (�Ⴆ�Ή��w�̎��x��10 g/kg �Ȃ��Q10 �ƕ\��).~%
������,~���x1.5~km~�ȏ�ł�,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{TakemiRH}
RH (z)= \left \{
\begin{array}{ll}
1 - 0.75 \left( \displaystyle \frac{z}{z_{tr}}\right )^{5/4}& z \leq z_{tr}, \\
0.25 & z > z_{tr} \\
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ŗ^������~(Weisman and Klemp, 1982).~�}3.1~(d) �ł͉����V�A�[�̂��镗�̌`��������Ă���.~�}����$U_s$~�͒��ܓx��ƔM�я��
�قȂ�l��^���Ă���,~���ܓx��ł�$U_s = 0,10,20$~m/s,~�M�я�ł�$U_s = 0,5,15$~m/s~�ł���.

\section{�e�X�g�v�Z���ʂƋc�_}
�e�X�g�v�Z�ł�,~Takemi (2007) �ŉ_�̊O�`,~�~����,~��C�v�[�����������ۂ̌v�Z�̍Č����s����.~�s�����v�Z�ݒ���ȉ��Ɏ���.
%%
%%
\begin{itemize}
\item[I] ���ܓx��,~���xQ14,~$U_s = 0,10,20$~m/s~�ō��x0 km�`2.5~km~�ɃV�A�[��^����.
\item[II] �M�я�,~���xQ18,~$U_s = 0,5,15$~m/s~�ō��x0 km�`2.5~km~�ɃV�A�[��^����.
\item[III] ���ܓx��,~���xQ14,~$U_s = 10,20$~m/s~�ō��x2.5 km�`5.0~km~�ɃV�A�[��^����.
\item[IV] �M�я�,~���xQ18,~$U_s = 5,15$~m/s~�ō��x2.5 km�`5.0~km~�ɃV�A�[��^����.
\end{itemize}
%%
%%
�܂�,~�e�X�g�v�Z���̖{���f���̌v�Z�ݒ�͈ȉ��̂悤�ɂ���.
%%
%%
\begin{itemize}
\item ���l���f��: deepconv arare4.~2~�����̏����k�������n���g�p.
\item ���E����: ���������͎������E������,~���������͑Ώ̋��E������p���Ă���.
\item �_�����ߒ�: Kessler (1969) �̒g�����J�̃o���N�p�����^���[�[�V����.
\item �����ߒ�: �R���I����,~�n�\�ʉߒ�,~���ˉߒ��͖���.
\item �����ߒ�: Klemp and Wilhemson (1978) ��1.5~���̃T�u�O���b�h�X�P�[���̗������f��.
\item �v�Z�̈�: ���ܓx��ƔM�я�łƂ��ɐ��� ($x$) 450 km, ����($z$) 18 km.
\item �i�q�Ԋu: ����($x,y$): 1 km, ����($z$): 500 m.
\item �ϕ�����: 6~����.
\item ��������: ���S��1.5~K~��$x$ ���� 20 km, $z$ ������ 3 km �̑傫���Ő��K���z�������T�[�}��.
\end{itemize}
%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-10pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
%\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[h] %���E�㍶
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{���ܓx��,~���xQ14~�ł̌v�Z.~��i: Takemi (2007).~���i: deepconv.}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=90,trim= 0 0 0 0,clip]{Takemi-1.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{�M�я�,~���xQ18~�ł̌v�Z.~��i: Takemi (2007).~���i: deepconv.}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=90,trim= 0 0 0 0,clip]{Takemi-2.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{(a),(b) �͂��ꂼ��v�Z�ݒ�I,II �̉��ŕ`���ꂽ�_�̊O�`,~�~����,~��C�v�[����
�}.~�E���珇�� (a) �ł�$U_s = 0,10,20$~m/s, (b) �ł�$U_s = 0,5,15$~m/s~�ł���.~deepconv �ɂ��}�̉����ɂ�����
�͐����̈�̃X�P�[����\��. �Ȃ�Takemi (2007) �̐}��$y$ �����ɕ��ς��Ă���.}}
  \label{fig:Pedlosky-1987}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%
%%
\begin{figure}[h] %���E�㍶
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{���ܓx��,~���xQ14.~��i: Takemi (2007).~���i: deepconv.}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=90,trim= 0 0 0 0,clip]{Takemi-3.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{�M�я�,~���xQ18.~��i: Takemi (2007).~���i: deepconv.}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=90,trim= 0 0 0 0,clip]{Takemi-4.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{(c),(d) �͂��ꂼ��v�Z�ݒ�III,IV �̉��ŕ`���ꂽ�_�̊O�`,~�~����,~��C�v�[����
�}.~�E���珇�� (a) �ł�$U_s = 10,20$~m/s, (b) �ł�$U_s = 5,15$~m/s~�ł���.~deepconv �ɂ��}�̉����ɂ�����
�͐����̈�̃X�P�[����\��. �Ȃ�Takemi (2007) �̐}��$y$ �����ɕ��ς��Ă���.}}
  \label{fig:Pedlosky-1987}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}

�}3.2(a),(b),~�}3.3(a),(b)~�ł͊e�}�̏�i�Ɖ��i�ɂ��ꂼ��Takemi (2007) ��deepconv �Ōv�Z���ꂽ, �v�Z�J�n����4~���Ԍ�̉_��
�O�`,~�~����,~��C�v�[���������Ă���.~������,~�_�̊O�`��
�_���ƉJ���̑��ʂ�0.1 g/kg �ȏ㑶�݂���̈�̗֊s,~�~����͉J����0.1 g/kg �ȏ㑶�݂���̈�,~��C�v�[����-1 K �ȏ��
���ʏ������n�\�t�߂̗̈�ƒ�`���Ă���.~�}3.2,~�}3.3~�ŗp�����Ă���R���^�[���ɂ��Đ�������.~�܂�,~Takemi (2007) ��
�}�ł�,~�_�̊O�`�������ŕ\��.~�~����͉e�t�̗̈�ŕ\���Ă���,~�Z���e��1 g/kg �ȏ�̉J�������݂���̈��,~�����e��0.1 g/kg ��
��̉J�������݂���̈������.~�܂�,~�j������C�v�[��������.~����deepconv �ɂ��}�ł�,~�_�̊O�`�𔒂��̈�ŕ\��.~�~�����
���F����уI�����W�F�̗̈�ŕ\���Ă���,~�I�����W�̗̈��1 g/kg �ȏ�̉J�������݂���̈��,~���F���̈��0.1 g/kg ��
��̉J�������݂���̈������.~�܂�,~���F�̗̈悪��C�v�[����\���Ă���.~�Ȃ�,~deepconv �̐}��,~�_�̊O�`,~�~����,~��C�v�[��
�����ꂼ��`�悵���摜���d�˂����̂ł��邽��,~�G���d�Ȃ��Ă��镔���̗��ɂ͕ʂ̊G�����邱�Ƃɒ��ӂ��ꂽ��. �Ⴆ��,~���w�̉_�̊O�`
��, ��ɏd�˂�ꂽ�~���悪�\���Ă���.

�}3.2,~�}3.3~�̏�i�ɕ\����Ă���Takemi (2007) �̐}��$y$ �����ɕ��ς������̂ł���, ���̂悤�Ȃ��Ƃ������ꂽ.~(a) ���ܓx��͔M�я�����Η��s����ł��邽��,~�_�����x��
���ܓx�̑Η��n�̂ق�������.~(b)~���ܓx��ł̌v�Z�������}3.2(a),~�}3.3(a)~�̂ق���������C�v�[�����`�����ꂽ.~%
(c) ���ܓx��ł�$U_s$~���傫���Ȃ�قǉ_�n���������Ă����X��������, �_�n�����B���Ă���.~(d) �M�я�ł�
$U_s = 5 $~m/s~�̎��ɍł��_�n�����B��,~�}3.2(b)~��$U_s = 0 $~m/s~�ł̌v�Z��,~�}3.3(b)~�̌v�Z�ł̓X�R�[�����C���͌`�������
������.

�ȏ�𓥂܂���deepconv �ɂ��e�X�g�v�Z���ʂ�����Ǝ��̂悤�Ȃ��Ƃ�������.~(a) �S�̂Ƃ���,~���ܓx��̕����_�����x
�������Ȃ�X���������, ��C�̈���x�𔽉f�ł��Ă��邱�Ƃ���������Ǝv����.
(b) ���ܓx��ł̌v�Z�������}3.2(a),~�}3.3(a)~%
�ł�1�`2~km~�̌�����C�v�[���������,~�M�я�ł̌v�Z�������}3.2(b),~�}3.3(b)~�ł�1~km �����̔�����C�v�[��������ꂽ.~%
����͉��w����芣�����Ă��邽��,~�J�̏����ɂ���p���ʂ����܂������Ƃ𔽉f�����Ǝv����.~%
(c) ���ܓx��ɂ�����$U_s$~���傫���Ȃ�قǉ_�n���������Ă����X����,~���~����̊g��Ƃ������_�n�̔��B������ꂽ��,~���̌X����
�M�я�ł�����ꂽ.~%
(d) Takemi (2007) �Ƃ͈قȂ�,~%
$U_s$~�̒l����уV�A�[��^���鍂�x�Ɋւ�炸,~�M�я�ł̉_�n�̔��B������ꂽ.

���̂悤��,~Takemi (2007) �Ƒ�؂Ō��ʂ͈�v���Ă���Ǝv����.~Takemi (2007) ��deepconv �ő���_�����������R�Ƃ��Ă�,~%
���҂̌v�Z�ݒ������΂킩��悤��,~�����_�����ߒ���������n����ю����̈Ⴂ�Ȃǂ����邩�炾�Ǝv����.~����,~%
�_�̌`���ɑ傫���ւ��_�����ߒ��̈Ⴂ�ɂ��Ƃ��낪�傫���̂ł͂Ȃ����낤��.~�܂�,~Takemi (2007) �ł͔M�я�ɂ����ăX�R�[�����C��
�����B���ɂ������Ƃ�����ꂽ��,~�}3.2, �}3.3 ��Takemi (2007) �ɂ��}��$y$~�����ɕ��ς������̂ł���,~����ɐω_�Η��������ɂ�������
���Ƃ�������,~�X�̐ω_�Η��͂���Ȃ�ɐ����Ă����\���͂���.~�����,~���ʂ����S�ɍČ������킯�ł͂Ȃ���,~%
�Ó��ȈႢ�ł���,~�n�������肵���v�Z�����邽�߂̐��l���f���̂Ƃ��Ă͏\���ł���ƌ�����ł��낤.

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\chapter{�����ݒ�}
\markright{�����ݒ�}
\section{�v�Z�ݒ�}
�{�_���ɂ�����v�Z�ݒ�͈ȉ��̂悤�ɂ���.
\begin{itemize}
\item �v�Z�̈�: $(x,z) = $(512 km, 30 km).
\item �i�q�Ԋu: $(\Delta x, \Delta z) = $(500 m, 250 m).
\item ���ԃX�e�b�v: ($\Delta t, \Delta \tau$) = (5 sec, 0.5 sec)
\item �ϕ�����: 216000 sec (60 hour).
\item ��������: ���x300 m �Ƀ����_���ȏ��^����.~�{�����ł�,~������̐U��0.3 K ��W�������Ƃ��Ă���.
\item �_�����ߒ�: Kessler (1969) �̒g�����J�̃o���N�p�����^���[�[�V����.
\item �����ߒ�I: �n�\�ʂ���̉^����$\cdot$�M$\cdot$�����C�t���b�N�X��^����.
\item �����ߒ�II: ������l�ȕ��˗�p�ƃj���[�g����p��^����.
\item ���E����: ���������Ɏ������E����, ���������ɑΏ̋��E������^����.
\end{itemize}
������, $\Delta t, \Delta \tau$ �͂��ꂼ��2.7 �߂Ő��������������ԃX�e�b�v�ƒZ�����ԃX�e�b�v�ł���.

\section{�����ݒ�}
�����ݒ�ɂ��Đ�������.~��ɏq�ׂ��悤��,~�{�_���ł͑�C�̎��x�ɑ΂���Η��̔��B�̊��x
�𒲂ׂ�.~������,~�l�X�ȍ��x�Ɏ��x�[���̊��������w��^����������s����.~�����̗^�����͈ȉ��̓�ʂ�
�ł���.
\begin{itemize}
\item ���̍��x�ȏ�̑S�̈�̑�C���x�̊�{����[���ɂ���.
\item ���̍��x�ȏ�̐����̈�̔��� ($x =$0 km�`256 km) �̑�C���x�̏�������[���ɂ���.
\end{itemize}
���̂悤�ɐ����̈�̑S�̂Ɣ����̎��x���[���ɂ���ɒ[�Ȏ����ݒ�ɂ����, ��C�̎��x��ɂ����銣�������w
�̑��݂ɑ΂���, �_�Η��̉��������m�Ɍ���邱�Ƃ����҂���.~%
���������w���Ȃ��ꍇ��, ��L�̂悤�Ȑݒ��^�����ꍇ�̑�C���x�̊�{��y�я������}\ref{fig:shokiba} �Ɏ���.~%
%%%%
%%%%shokiba
%%%%
\begin{figure}[h] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.7cm,angle=90,trim= 150 150 80 150,clip]{vaporbasic.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.7cm,angle=90,trim= 150 150 80 150,clip]{DH3A03-vaporbasic.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.7cm,angle=90,trim= 150 150 80 150,clip]{DH3-vaporbasic.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{(a) ������^���Ă��Ȃ��ꍇ�̐����C������̊�{��Ə�����. %
(b) ���x 3 km �ȏ�̑S��̑�C���x�̊�{����[���ɂ��������ł̐����C�����䕪�z. ����͏�����ł�����. %
(c) ���x 3 km �ȏ�̐����̈�̔����̑�C���x�̏�������[���ɂ����ꍇ�̐����C�����䕪�z. %
��{��� (a) �Ɠ����ł���. %
�e�}�̐����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], �c����$z$ [$\times 10^3$ m], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:shokiba}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{���̍��x�ȏ�̑S�̈�������������v�Z}
���̍��x�ȏ�̑S�̈�������������v�Z�̎����p�����[�^�̑g��\4.1~�Ɏ���.~�\�ɏ����ꂽ�悤��,~%
����ȍ~�͎��x���[���ɂ��鍂�x�̉�����
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$~�ƌĂ�,~A$_0$ �͏�����̐U���̊�l��0.3 K �Ƃ���.~%
�܂�,~�\���ɏ����ꂽH$_{\mathrm{d}}$xAx~�͊e������������.~�Ȃ�,~�������̏�����Ă��Ȃ�
�v�Z�ɂ��Ă͋����̂Ȃ����̂Ƃ��čs���Ă��Ȃ�.~%

\begingroup
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.6}
\begin{table}[t]
\caption{\footnotesize{���̍��x�ȏ�̑S�̈�������������v�Z�̎����ݒ�.}}
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0.7}[0.7]{
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\backslashbox[70pt]{H$_{\mathrm{d}}$}{�U��}& 0.1A$_0$ = 0.03 [K] & 0.3A$_0$ = 0.09 [K] & A$_0$ = 0.3 [K]  & 3A$_0$ = 0.9 [K]  & 10A$_0$ = 3.0 [K] \\ \hline
%\backslashbox[70pt]{H$_{\mathrm{d}}$}{�U��}& A = 0.03 [K] & A = 0.09 [K] & A = 0.3 [K] & A = 0.9 [K] & A = 3.0 [K] \\ \hline
8 [km] & &&&& H$_{\mathrm{d}}$8A30      \\ \hline
7 [km] & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A003      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A009      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A09      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A30      \\ \hline
6 [km] & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A003      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A009      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A03      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A09      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A30      \\ \hline
5 [km] & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5A003      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5A009      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5A03      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5A09      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5A30      \\ \hline
4 [km] & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A003      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A009      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A09      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A30      \\ \hline
3 [km] & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A003      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A009      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A09      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A30      \\ \hline
2 [km] & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A003      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A009      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A03      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A09      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A30      \\ \hline
1 [km] & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$1A003      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$1A009      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$1A03      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$1A09      & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$1A30      \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\endgroup
\subsection{���̍��x�ȏ�̐����̈�̔����������������v�Z}
���̍��x�ȏ�̐����̈�̔����������������v�Z�̎����p�����[�^�̑g��\4.2~�Ɏ���.~%
�����Ŋ�����^���鐅���̈��$x =$0 km�`256 km �ł���. %
�܂�, ���̎����ł͏�����̐U����0.3 K �݂̂ōs����.
\begingroup
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.6}
\begin{table}[h]
\caption{\footnotesize{���̍��x�ȏ�̐����̈�̔����������������v�Z�̎����ݒ�.}}
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0.8}[0.8]{
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ & 7 [km] & 6 [km] & 5 [km] &  4 [km] & 3 [km] & 2 [km] & 1 [km] \\ \hline
������           & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7 & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6 & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5 & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4 & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3 & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2 & H$_{\mathrm{d}}$1 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\endgroup
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%-------��܏�--------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\chapter{�������ʂƂ��̋c�_}
\markright{�������ʂƂ��̋c�_}
\section{���̍��x�ȏ�̑S�̈�������������v�Z}
\begingroup
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.6}
\begin{table}[h]
\caption{\footnotesize{�e�����ɂ����ċ����_�Η������߂Đ���������$t_0$ ���܂Ƃ߂��\.}}
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0.65}[0.65]{
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
%           & 0.1 �{       & 0.3 �{       & �         & 3 �{�@       & 10 �{       \\
\backslashbox[70pt]{H$_{\mathrm{d}}$}{�U��}& 0.1A$_0$ = 0.03 [K] & 0.3A$_0$ = 0.09 [K] & A$_0$ = 0.3 [K]  & 3A$_0$ = 0.9 [K]  & 10A$_0$ = 3.0 [K] \\ \hline
���������w�Ȃ�     &              &              & 7800 sec             &              &     \\ \hline
8 [km] &              &              &              &              & 4800 sec    \\ \hline
7 [km] & 11400 sec    & 10200 sec    & 7800 sec     & 4800 sec     & 4800 sec    \\ \hline
6 [km] & 11400 sec    & 10200 sec    & 7800 sec     & 4800 sec     & 6600 sec    \\ \hline
5 [km] & 11400 sec    & 10200 sec    & 7800 sec     & 4800 sec     & 12000 sec   \\ \hline
4 [km] & 37200 sec    & 37200 sec    & 30000 sec    & 34200 sec    & 19200 sec   \\ \hline
3 [km] & 62400 sec    & 58200 sec    & 60600 sec    & 54600 sec    & 54600 sec   \\ \hline
2 [km] & 115000 sec    & 67200 sec    & 67200 sec    & 69600 sec    & 49800 sec   \\ \hline
1 [km] &\backslashbox[70pt]&\backslashbox[70pt]&\backslashbox[70pt]& \backslashbox[70pt] & \backslashbox[70pt] \cr
\hline
\end{tabular} 
}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\endgroup
���̍��x�ȏ�̑S�̈�������������v�Z�ł�, ������̐U����0.3 K �ɂ����v�Z����n�߂�.~�����,~%
���������w��ፂ�x�ɗ^�����, �����_�Η����������߂鎞�Ԃɒ����������ł��邱�Ƃ��킩����. %
������,�u�����_�Η��v�Ƃ͍��x10 km �ȏ�ɓ��B����悤�ȉ_�Η��Ƃ��Ē�`���Ă���. %
���̋����_�Η��̔��B�ߒ���H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A03 �������Ƃ��Đ}5.1 �Ɏ���.~�܂�, �����_�Η��̔�������
���Ԃ�$t_0$ �ƒ�`��,~�\5.1 ��A$_0$ = 0.3 K �̗�ɂ܂Ƃ߂�.~�\5.1 ���, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km ��
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km ������$t_0$ ����8 ���Ԃ���Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��.~���̂���͍��x9875 m �ɂ�����_��������
��$x-t$ �f�ʂ�\�����}\ref{fig:cloud9875} �Ŋm�F�ł���.~%
�}5.1 (j) �ɑ�\�����悤��,~�{�����ł͋����_�Η��ɂ���Đ������_�͍��x��10 km�`12 km �ɗ��܂�悤�ɂȂ�.~������, �_�Η�
���������n�߂��C���E�w���玩�R�Η������������Ă�, �ǂ̉_�Η������x10 km �܂œ��B�����̂��͔��f���ɂ���.~���̂��ߐ}\ref{fig:cloud9875} �ł�,~���x10 km ��
��ɗ��܂�_�̉_�ꍂ�x�t��, ���Ȃ킿���x 9875 m �ł�$x-t$ �f�ʐ}�ɂ����$t_0$~�̂�������邱�Ƃ�ړI�Ƃ��Ă���.~������
���ʂ���, ���x�[���̊��������w�����R�Η��������ɗ^����Ƌ����_�Η��������ɂ����Ȃ邱�Ƃ��킩����.

���̂悤�Ɋ��������w�����݂����, ���f�����ŋ����_�Η������B���ɂ����Ȃ�Ƃ�������������ꂽ.~������, ���̎��������ł�, %
���R�Η��������Ɋ��������w��^���邱�Ƃ�, ���ɋ����_�Η��̔����ɉe����^����ƌ��肷��ɂ͕s�\���ł���.~�Ȃ��Ȃ��,~����
��̋��x���_�Η��̔��B�Ɋ�^�����邩��ł���.~���̂���, $A_0$ ��0.03 K, 0.09 K, 3 K �ɂ����v�Z���s����. ���̌��ʂ��\5.1 ��
�܂Ƃ߂Ă���.~������̐U����ς����v�Z���ʂ��܂߂邱�ƂŎ��̂悤�Ȃ��Ƃ����������.
%%
%%
%$\\[-3.0em]$
\begin{itemize}
\item ������̐U���̑傫���ɂ����$t_0$~�͕ω����邪,~$t_0$~�̂��ꂪ���Ȃ�傫���Ȃ�,~�����_�Η������ΓI�ɐ����ɂ����Ȃ�̂�
      ,~�U����3 K �ɂ����Ƃ���������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ȉ��ɂ����Ƃ��ł�����.
\item �U��3 K �̌v�Z�ł�,~$t_0$~�ɑ傫�ȍ����o���̂�H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 3 km �ȉ��̎����ł�����. %
�Ȃ�, ���̐U����p�����v�Z��$t_0$~�ɐ��������̕��ϖ�7~���Ԃ����,~$t_0$~�����Ȃ�x���Ȃ鋫��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 3 km �ȉ���
���f����.
\end{itemize}
%$\\[-3.0em]$
%%
%%
����, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ȉ��̎�����$t_0$ ���x�ꂽ�����ɂ��čl����. %
�}\ref{fig:drylayer}(a),(b) �͂��ꂼ��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 ������$t =$5400 sec �ɂ����鐅���C��������, %
�������ς��� �ڗ��g�U�Ɨ����g�U�ɂ�鐅���C��𑫂����킹���l��\�����}�ł���. %
�܂��}\ref{fig:drylayer}(c) ��$t =$5400 sec �ɂ�����_���������ł���. %
�}\ref{fig:drylayer}(a) ����, �����C�����x1 km�`2 km �Ō�����, ���x2.5 km�`3.5 km �ő������Ă��邱�Ƃ�
���. ����Ɠ��l�ȕ��z��, �}\ref{fig:drylayer}(b) �ł������, ���̑����̗ʂ��������Ă��Ȃ�. %
�䂦��, �ڗ��g�U�Ɨ����g�U�ɂ���Đ����C�ʂ̕ω��������Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��. %
���̂悤�Ȉڗ��g�U�Ɨ����g�U���������̂�, �}\ref{fig:drylayer}(c) ����킩��悤��, ���E�w���琶�����ő哞�B���x3.5 km ��
�_�Η������ɂȂ��Ă���ƍl������. %
�����, �}\ref{fig:drylayer}����, �v�Z�����ɋ��E�w�Ő������_�Η������B�ł���͍̂��x3.5 km �܂łł���, ���x��2.5 km�`3.5 km %
�̑w�ɐ����C����������Ă��邱�Ƃ������ꂽ. %
���̂悤�Ȑ����C�ʂ̕ω���, ������^���Ă��Ȃ�������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03�`H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A03 �ł����l�Ɍ���ꂽ����, %
�����ɐ������_�Η��ɋ��ʂ��鐫���ł���. %

������, �}\ref{fig:4km-no-huta} �ɒ��ڂ���. �}\ref{fig:4km-no-huta}(a) ��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03 �������瓾��ꂽ, %
$t =$8400 sec �̐����C�������̐}�ł���. �\5.1 ����킩��悤��$t =$8400 sec �Ƃ�H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5A03�`%
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 �����ł͊��ɋ����_�Η��������Ă��鎞�Ԃł���. %
�}\ref{fig:4km-no-huta}(a) ������ƍ��x3.7 km�`4 km �Ő����C����0.001 kg/kg ������, ���x4 km�`4.5 km �Ő����C��
��0.001 kg/kg �������Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��. ������, �}\ref{fig:4km-no-huta}(b) ������. ���̐}�ł�, �������ς����ڗ��g�U�Ɨ����g�U
�ɂ�鐅���C��𑫂����킹���l��������Ă���. �����, ���x3.7 km�`4.5 km �̐����C�ʂ̕ω���, $t =$6000 sec�`8000 sec �̊�
�ɐ����������C�̈ڗ��g�U�Ɨ����g�U�ɂ����̂ł��邱�Ƃ��킩��. �����͍��x4 km �ȏ�̎��x�[���̑w�Ƃ��̒����̑w�̎��x��
�������ɑ傫�����Ƃ�, ���x2.5 km�`3 km �����������Ƃŋ��E�w���琶�����_�Η��������C���Ì������ĕ��͂��l�����ď㏸���Ă���
���ƂɋN������Ǝv����. % 
���̂悤��, ���x4 km �̒ፂ�x���Ɋ��������w���g�債�Ă������Ƃ��킩��. ���̉e���͐}\ref{fig:4km-no-huta}(c) ����
�������. �}\ref{fig:4km-no-huta}(c) �ł�, �������ς������M���o�ɂ�鉷�ʏ��\���Ă���. �}����, ��7800 sec �ȍ~��, ���x
3 km�`3.5 km �Ő����C�̋Ì������邪, ������̍��x3.5 km�`4 km �ŏ������Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��. 

�ȏ���܂Ƃ߂��, �v�Z�����ɍ��x��2.5 km�`3.5 km �̋��E�w�̏�̑w�������������Ƃ�, ���E�w����㏸���Ă����_�Η���
���̑w���Ő����C���Ì������ē����镂�͂ɂ���ċ�������邪, ���x4 km �̒������������Ă���, �㏸�シ���ɏ������Ă�
�܂��Ƃ����\��������ꂽ���ƂɂȂ�.���̂悤��, ���������w�̒�������������Ƃ���������
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A03, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03 �ł����l�Ɍ���ꂽ.

����, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 �������瓾���, �}\ref{fig:4km-no-huta} �Ɠ��l�Ȑ}��`�����}\ref{fig:huta-nasi} �ɒ��ڂ���. %
�}\ref{fig:huta-nasi}(a) �ł�, ���x�[���̑w�͍��x7 km �ȏ�ɑ��݂��邽�߂�, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03 �����̂悤�ɍ��x4 km ��
�̐����C�̌����͌����Ȃ������ƍl������. %
���̂���, �}\ref{fig:huta-nasi}(b),(c) ����킩��悤��, ���E�w�̏�ŋ��߂�ꂽ�_�Η��͏��ł��邱�ƂȂ����x4 km �ȏ��
�㏸��, ���̌�����M���o�ɂ���č��x10 km �܂œ��B����悤�ɂȂ����̂ł��낤.

�ȏ���, ���̂��Ƃ����������. �v�Z�����ɋ��E�w�Ő������_�Η��͍ő�ō��x��3.5 km �܂ŏ㏸�ł���. ���̉_�����ɂ���ċ��E�w�̐^��
�����Ȃ莼������ԂɂȂ�. %
���̎������w���ł����, ���E�w�̎�������C���܂�ł���㏸���͂��̑w���Ő��M���o�ɂ�苭�������. ������%
���������w��^���Ȃ�������H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5A03�`H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 �����ł�, ���E�w�̏�̑w�ŋ������ꂽ�_�Η������x4 km ��
�ʉ߂�, ���̏�̍��x�ł����M���o�𑱂��邱�Ƃŕ��͂��l����, ���x10 km �ȏ�ɓ��B���邱�Ƃ��ł���. �����, %
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03 �����ł�, �������w�̐^��܂łɊ��������w���g�債�Ă���, �������ꂽ�_�Η���
�����ɉ_���̏����ɂ���ė�p����, �����x�ɏ㏸�ł��Ȃ��Ȃ�. �܂�, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A03 �ł�, �ፂ�x�Ɋg�傷�銣�������w��
���E�w�̐^��Ɉʒu���邽�߂�, ���E�w���Ő������_�Η���, �㏸�シ���ɉ_���̏����ɂ���ė�p����
, �����x�ɏ㏸�ł��Ȃ��Ȃ�. H$_{\mathrm{d}}$1A03 �ɂ��Ă�, ������ɂ���ď㏸���������C���Ì�����̂�
���x1 km�`1.5 km �ł��邽��, �v�Z�J�n����ɂ��Ȃ�_�Η��������ɂ������ɂȂ��Ă������Ƃ��l������. %
���̂悤�ɂ���, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$1A03�`H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03 �����ł͋����_�Η��̔��B���x�ꂽ�̂ł��낤.
\clearpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}5.1---------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-10pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-30pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[t = 7200 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-004.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 9000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-005.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[t = 10800 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-006.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 12600 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-007.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 14400 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-008.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 16200 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-009.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 18000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-010.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 19800 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-011.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 21600 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-012.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 23400 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-013.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A03 �����ɂ�����, ���߂ɐ����������_�Η��̔��B�ߒ�. %
�}�ł� $t$ = 7200 sec�`23400 sec �̉_���������̎��ԕω���\���Ă���.~%
�_��������̒P�ʂ�[kg/kg], �c����$z$~$[\times 10^4$ m],~������$x$~$[\times 10^5$ m]~�ł���.}} 
  \label{fig:Pedlosky-1987}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}cloud9875--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-10pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-30pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
%\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[���������w�Ȃ�]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-7.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A03]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-6.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5A03]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-5.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-4.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-3.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A03]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-2.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$1A03]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-1.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{H$_{\mathrm{d}}$1A03�`H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 �����ɂ�����, �_���������̍��x 9875 m �ł�$x-t$ �f�ʐ}.~%
�_��������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ������$x$~[$\times 10^5$~m], �c����$t$~[$\times 10^4$~sec] �ł���.} 
  \label{fig:cloud9875}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%drylayer%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-7pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{7.5pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�����C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 140 94,clip]{DH7-drylayer.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�ڗ��g�U�Ɨ����g�U�ɂ�鐅���C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 140 94,clip]{DH7-iryukakusan.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�_��������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 140 94,clip]{DH7-kumo.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{(a)�`(c) ��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 �������瓾��ꂽ�}�ł���. %
(a), (c) �͂��ꂼ��$t =$5400 sec �̐����C��Ɖ_����̃X�i�b�v�V���b�g�ł���. %
(b) �͐������ς����ڗ��g�U�Ɨ����g�U�ɂ�鐅���C��𑫂����킹���}. %
�����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], (a), (c) �̉�����$x$~[$\times 10^5$~m], �c����$z$~[m] �ł���, %
(b) �̉�����$t$ [sec], �c����$z$ [m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:drylayer}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4�q-no-huta%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-7pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{7.5pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[$t =$8400 sec �̐����C������.]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 140 93,clip]{DH4-hutakouka.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�������ς���, �ڗ��g�U�Ɨ����g�U�ɂ�鐅���C������.]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 140 93,clip]{DH4-qvadv.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�������ς���, ���M���o�ɂ�鉷�ʏ.]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 140 93,clip]{DH4-potcond.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{������H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03 �������瓾��ꂽ�}�ł���. %
(a) ��$t =$8400 sec �̐����C�������̐}�ł���, ������$x$~[$\times 10^5$~m], �c����$z$~[m] �ł���. %
(b), (c) ��, ���ꂼ�ꐅ�����ς���, �ڗ��g�U�Ɨ����g�U�ɂ�鐅���C�������Ɛ��M���o�ɂ�鉷�ʏ
�̐}�ł���, ������$t$~[$\times 10^2$~sec], �c����$z$~[m] �ł���. %
�Ȃ�, �����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ���ʏ�̒P�ʂ� [K] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:4km-no-huta}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%huta-nasi%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-7pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{7.5pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[$t =$8400 sec �̐����C������.]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 140 93,clip]{DH7-hutakouka.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�������ς���, �ڗ��g�U�Ɨ����g�U�ɂ�鐅���C������.]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 140 93,clip]{DH7-qvadv.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�������ς���, ���M���o�ɂ�鉷�ʏ.]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 140 93,clip]{DH7-potcond.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{������H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 �������瓾��ꂽ�}�ł���, %
�}\ref{fig:4km-no-huta} �Ɠ��l�Ȑ}��`���Ă���.}}
  \label{fig:huta-nasi}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%hutakouka%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{7.5pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
%\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
%\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
% \begin{center}
%  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 �����ɂ����鐅���C������.]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 140 93,clip]{DH7-hutakouka.eps}
%  }\\
%  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03 �����ɂ����鐅���C������.]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 140 93,clip]{DH4-hutakouka.eps}
%  }\\
%  \caption{\footnotesize{H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03 �������瓾��ꂽ�����C�������̕��z�}. %
%(a), (b) �͂Ƃ���$t =$8400 sec �̃X�i�b�v�V���b�g�ł���. %
%�����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ������$x$~[$\times 10^5$~m], �c����$z$~[m] �ł���.}}
%  \label{fig:hutakouka}
% \end{center}
%\end{figure}
%\clearpage

�}\ref{fig:lastcloud} �ł�H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A03�`H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 �������瓾��ꂽ, �v�Z���Ԃ̍Ō�ł���$t=216000$ sec ��
�_�̕��z��\���Ă���. %
�Ȃ�, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$1A03 �����ł͋����_�Η��������Ȃ���������, �����ł͕`�悵�Ă��Ȃ�. %
�}\ref{fig:lastcloud}(a)�`(d) ��
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03�`H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03 �������瓾���, ���x10 km �ȏ�̐����̈�S�̂ɍL����_��
���z��������.~������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ł���}\ref{fig:lastcloud}(d) �ɂ��Ă�, �S�̂Ƃ��ĕ�40 km ���x�̂΂��
���_�����z��,~�_�Ɖ_�̊ԂɌ��Ԃ��ł��n�߂Ă���悤�ɂ�������.~%
����Ő}\ref{fig:lastcloud}(e),(f) ��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A03 �������瓾��ꂽ�}�ł���, %
���x10 km �ȏ�ɉ_��������̂�, �_�����݂��Ȃ���Ԃ��ڗ���.~%
�}\ref{fig:lastcloud}(e),(f) �Ɍ�����_�̌�����, �ꌩ����Ɗ��������w�����Ȃ�ፂ�x�ɗ^����ꂽ���Ƃ�, %
�����C�ʂ��s�����Ă������Ƃ𔽉f���Ă���Ɖ��߂ł������ł���.~������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03 �����̌��ʂł���
�}\ref{fig:lastcloud}(e) �ɂ�����, ����������100 km �𒴂�
��傫���̉_���`������Ă��邽��, �P���ɉ_���`������̂ɏ\���Ȑ����C�ʂ����Ȃ����Ƃ��v���ł���Ƃ͍l���ɂ���.~������, %
�}\ref{fig:lastvapor} �̂悤��, �����C�̊�{��̒l�Ə���������킹���g�[�^���̐����C�ʂ̎��ԕω��𒲂ׂ邱�Ƃɂ���. 

�}\ref{fig:lastvapor} �͌v�Z���Ԃ̐^�� ($t=108000$~sec) �ƍŌ� ($t=216000$~sec) �̃g�[�^���̐����C�ʂ̕��z��\���Ă���.~%
�}\ref{fig:lastvapor} �ł͍��xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ ���������x���ɐ����C���N���オ���Ă���悤�ȗl�q��������. %
����͉_�����ɂ���Ď����������ł���.~$t=108000$~sec �̐}�������, �S�̂Ƃ��č��xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ȏ�Ő����C�����䂪�[����
���� (�����F) �Ɖ_�Η����ʉ߂��Ď��������� (���F�ƍ��F) ���͂�����ƕ�����Ă���, ���������ɐ����C���s�ψ�ɕ��z���Ă��邱��
���킩��. %
������, $t=216000$~sec �ł�, ���xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ ���オ���Ă����قǂɌv�Z���Ԃ̒����܂ł͐����C�����䂪�[���ł����������ɂ�
�����C����������,~%
���������̐����C���z�̕s�ψꂳ�̓x�������������Ȃ��Ă������Ƃ��킩��.~����, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A03, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 ����
�ł͍��xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ȏ�̑啔������������Ԃɂ���ƌ����邾�낤.~%
�ΏƓI��, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A03, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03 �����ł�, ���Ԃ��o���Ă������C�����䂪�[���̂܂܂̗̈悪�L���c����
����. %

������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A03, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03 �����ɂ�����, ���x�̐��������̕s�ψ�ƌv�Z���ԍŌ�̍��x10 km �ȏ�ɗ�
�܂�_�̕��z�Ƃ̊֌W�����l����. %
�}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}�`�}\ref{fig:hukinitsu3} ��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03 �������瓾��ꂽ�}�ł���. %
������, �}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(a) ��$t=108000$~sec �ł̃g�[�^���̐����C�����䕪�z�ł���, �}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(b),(c) �͂��ꂼ��
$t = $ 108000 sec, 216000 sec �ł̉_�����������z�ł���.~�}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(a) ��$x =$ 80 km, 490 km �t�߂�
�����, ���x��10 km �܂œ��B���Ă��鎼�����u���v������.~�������}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(b) �ɂ�����, �����̎�������������
�ꏊ�������, $x =$ 80 km �ł͂��̎���������������_�����̖��c��ł���_���킸���ɑ��݂�, %
$x =$ 490 km �ɂ͉_�͑��݂��Ȃ�.~�����̎���������$t=108000$~sec �ȍ~�����݂���������, %
�ڗ������_�Η��������Ȃ����Ԃ�10~���Ԉȏ�p������.~������, �}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(c) �������, ���x��10 km ��, %
$x =$ 30 km�`140 km �����120 km�`510 km �ɍL����_��������.~�O�҂̌`���ߒ��͐}\ref{fig:hukinitsu2}(a)�`(f) ��, ��҂�
�`���ߒ��͐}\ref{fig:hukinitsu3}(a)�`(f) �Ɏ����Ă���.~%
�����̐}�������, �v�Z���Ԃ̌㔼�ɐ����鋭���_�Η��̔����ꏊ��$x =$ 80 km, 490 km �t�߂ɂ���, �}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(a) ��
������v�Z���Ԓ�����܂łɐ������_�����ő�C�������������ƈ�v����.

����Đ}\ref{fig:lastcloud}�`�}\ref{fig:hukinitsu3} ���玟�̂悤�Ȑ������ł���. ���xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ ��
���ፂ�x�ɂ���ق�, ���������ɕs�ψ�Ȏ��x���z��������. �����Ď��x���z�����������ɕs�ψ�ł����, %
�V���ɐ�����_�����͂���ȑO�̉_�����ɂ���Ď����������ɏW����, ���ʂƂ��ĉ_�̕��z�̕΂肪�傫���Ȃ�. %
������, ���̐����𗧏؂ł���悤�Ȍ��ʂ͂��̎����ł͓����Ȃ�����. �܂�, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A03, %
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03 �����ɔ�ׂ�ΐ��������̕s�ψ�Ȏ��x���z�̓x�������������Ƃ��Ă�, %
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5A03 �����ł�����Ȃ�ɕs�ψꂪ�����, ���̉e�����o�Ă��Ă��悢�͂��ł���. %
���̋^��ɑ΂��铚����, ���߂̈��̍��x�ȏ�̐����̈�̔����̏����̑�C���x���[���ɂ������l�������疾�炩�ɂȂ邱�Ƃ�
���҂���.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\clearpage
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 ����]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-7000-2.eps}
  } % ���s
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A03 ����]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-6000-2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5A03 ����]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-5000-2.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03 ����]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-4000-2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03 ����]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-3000-2.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A03 ����]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-2000-2.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{�v�Z���Ԃ̍Ō�ł���$t = 216000$ sec �̉_���������̕��z�}. %
������, �_���������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ������$x$~[$\times 10^5$~m], �c����
$z$~[$\times 10^4$~m] �ł���.}} 
  \label{fig:lastcloud}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}lastvapor---------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\clearpage
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{3.5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{-4.5pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-10pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 ����, t = 108000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 180 120 95,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-7000-0.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$7A03 ����, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 180 120 95,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-7000-2.eps}
  } % ���s
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A03 ����, t = 108000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 180 120 95,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-6000-0.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$6A03 ����, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 180 120 95,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-6000-2.eps}
  }\\ % ���s
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5A03 ����, t = 108000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 180 120 95,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-5000-0.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$5A03 ����, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 180 120 95,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-5000-2.eps}
  } % ���s
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03 ����, t = 108000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 180 120 95,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-4000-0.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$4A03 ����, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 180 120 95,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-4000-2.eps}
  }\\ % ���s
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03 ����, t = 108000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 180 120 95,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-3000-0.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03 ����, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 180 120 95,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-3000-2.eps}
  } % ���s
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A03 ����, t = 108000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 180 120 95,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-2000-0.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$2A03 ����, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 180 120 95,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-2000-2.eps}
  }\\ % ���s
  \caption{\footnotesize{�v�Z���Ԃ̐^�� ($t = 108000$ sec) �ƍŌ� ($t = 216000$ sec) �̃g�[�^���̐����C������
�̕��z�}. %
������, �����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ������$x$~[$\times 10^5$~m], �c����
$z$~[$\times 10^4$~m] �ł���.}} 
  \label{fig:lastvapor}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
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\clearpage
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-7pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{7pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-10pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[$t$ = 108000 sec �ł̃g�[�^���̐����C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/vapor-108000sec.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[$t$ = 108000 sec �ł̉_��������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-108000sec.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[$t$ = 216000 sec �ł̉_��������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-3000-2.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{�����̐}��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03 �������瓾��ꂽ. %
(a) ��$t$ = 108000 sec �ł̃g�[�^���̐����C������̕��z�ł���, %
(b), (c) �͂��ꂼ��$t$ = 108000 sec, 216000 sec �̉_�����������z�ł���. %
������, �����C������Ɖ_��������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ������$x$~[$\times 10^5$~m] �ł���.
}}
  \label{fig:hukinitsu}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
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\clearpage
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-7pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{7pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-10pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[t = 181800 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at80km2-1.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 185400 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at80km2-2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[t = 189000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at80km2-3.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 192600 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at80km2-4.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[t = 196200 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at80km2-5.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 199800 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at80km2-6.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03 �������瓾��ꂽ�e���Ԃ̉_�����������z. %
�}��$x$ = 0 km�`200 km ��`�悵, $x$ = 80 km �ӂ肩�甭�B���鋭���_�Η���������. %
������, �_��������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ������$x$~[$\times 10^4$~m], �c����$z$~[$\times 10^4$~m] �ł���.~%
}}
  \label{fig:hukinitsu2}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
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\clearpage
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-7pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{7pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-10pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[t = 148200 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at490km2-1.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 151800 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at490km2-2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[t = 155400 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at490km2-3.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 159000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at490km2-4.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[t = 162600 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at490km2-5.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 166200 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at490km2-6.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{H$_{\mathrm{d}}$3A03 �������瓾��ꂽ�e���Ԃ̉_�����������z. %
�}��$x$ = 312 km�`512 km ��`�悵, $x$ = 490 km �ӂ肩�甭�B���鋭���_�Η���������.~%
������, �_��������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ������$x$~[$\times 10^4$~m], �c����$z$~[$\times 10^4$~m] �ł���.~%
}}
  \label{fig:hukinitsu3}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
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\section{���̍��x�ȏ�̐����̈�̔����������������v�Z}
���̍��x�ȏ�̐����̈�̔����������������v�Z�ɂ����Ă�, ������^���鍂�x�̉�����H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ƌĂ�. %
���̎����ł͏�����̐U����0.3 K ��, $x =$ 0 km �`256 km �̎��x�̏�������[���ɂ���悤�Ȑ����C������̏��^���Ă���. %
�܂�, ����ȍ~�͎��x�̏�������[���ɂ����w�����݂���$x =$0 km�`256 km �̈���u�����̈�v, ���x�̏�����ɕω���^���Ă��Ȃ�
$x =$256 km�`512 km �̗̈���u�񊣑��̈�v�ƌĂԂ��Ƃɂ���.~�܂�, �O�߂̏�����̐U��0.3 K �ň��̍��x�ȏ�̎��x���[����
�����v�Z��S�抣���v�Z�ƌĂ�, �{�߂ł̌v�Z�𔼈抣���v�Z�ƌĂԂ��Ƃɂ���.

���抣���v�Z����͈ȉ��̂悤�ȓ���������ꂽ. �Ȃ�, �ڍׂƂ��̋c�_�͂���ȍ~�ɍs��.
%
%
$\\[-3.0em]$
\begin{itemize}
\item[A:] ���xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ ��ω������Ă������ۂ�, �����̈�ɂ����čŏ��ɋ���
          �_�Η����������鎞��$t_0$ ���������x���̂�, H$_{\mathrm{d}} =$4 km �ȉ��̎����ł�����. ����4 km �Ƃ������x��, %
          �S�抣���v�Z�ł̌��ʂƓ����ł���. ������, H$_{\mathrm{d}} =$4 km �ȉ��̎����ɂ�����, �S�抣���v�Z�Ɣ��抣���v�Z
          �Ƃ�$t_0$ �ɑ傫�Ȃ��ꂪ������.
\item[B:] ���������w��^���Ȃ��v�Z����, �_�Η��̋��x�������ɋ����Ȃ�. ����, �����_�Η��̐����ɂ����������
          H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ȉ��ł̉_�Η��̋�����������.
\end{itemize}
$\\[-5.0em]$
%%
%%

����A �ɂ��Ă�, ���x9875 m �ł̉_�̕��z��$x-t$ �f�ʂ�`�����}\ref{fig:conv-seeds1}, �}\ref{fig:conv-seeds2} ���r����Ƃ킩��.~%
������, �}\ref{fig:conv-seeds1}, �}\ref{fig:conv-seeds2} �̍����̗񂪑S�抣���v�Z�ł̌��ʂł���, �E���̗񂪔��抣���v�Z�ł�
���ʂł���.~%
�}\ref{fig:conv-seeds1} ���, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km �ȏ�ł�$t_0$ �ɕω��͖����悤�ł���. %
�����, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km~�̌��ʂł���}\ref{fig:conv-seeds2}(a),(b) �ɒ��ڂ����, �����̈�ŏ��߂ɍ��x9875 m �ɋ����_�Η������B����
���Ԃ�, �S�抣���v�Z�ł͖�30000 sec �ł���, ���抣���v�Z�ł͖�70000 sec �ł��邽��, ��҂̂ق�����40000 sec �x�����Ƃ�
�킩��.~�܂�, ���l�Ȏ��Ԃ�H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 3~km~�̌��ʂł���}\ref{fig:conv-seeds2}(c),(d) �ɂ��Č����, �S�抣���v�Z��
�͖�60000 sec �ł���, ���抣���v�Z�ł͖�120000 sec �ł��邽��, ��҂̂ق�����60000 sec �x��Ă���.~�����, %
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 2~km~�̌��ʂł���}\ref{fig:conv-seeds2}(e),(f) �ɂ����Ă�, �S�抣���v�Z�ł͖�70000 sec �ɋ����_�Η���
���B���Ă���̂ɑ΂�, ���抣���v�Z�ł͖�100000 sec �ł��邽��, ��҂̂ق�����30000 sec �x��Ă���. %
�Ȃ�, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km ��2 km �̎����ɂ�����, �v�Z������$x =$0km, 250 km �̊����̈�ɉ_�������邪, ������
�񊣑��̈悩�痬��Ă����_�ł���. %
�����, ���抣���v�Z�ł͑S�抣���v�Z�Ɣ�ׂċ����_�Η�����蔭�����ɂ����Ȃ��Ă���ƍl�����邽��, ���̌������l����.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------conv-seeds1--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�S�抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-7.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-7.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-6.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-6.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-5.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-5.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{���x9875 m �ł̉_����������$x-t$ �f��.~�����̗񂪏�����̐U��0.3 K �ō��xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ȏ�̑S��
��������������v�Z�ł���, �E
���̗񂪍��xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ȏ�̐����̈�̔��������������������v�Z�ł���. �܂�, ���ꂼ��S�抣���v�Z�Ɣ��抣���v�Z�ƕ\�L���Ă���. %
�_��������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], �c����$t$ [$\times 10^4$sec], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.} 
  \label{fig:conv-seeds1}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------conv-seeds2--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�S�抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-4.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-4.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-3.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-3.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-2.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-1.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣���v�Z, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-1.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{
%���x9875 m �ł̉_����������$x-t$ �f��.~�����̗�̐}�����xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ȏ�̑S�̈�������������v�Z��, �E
%���̗񂪍��xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ȏ�̐����̈�̔��������������������v�Z�ł���, ���ꂼ��S�抣���Ɣ��抣���ƕ\�L���Ă���. %
%�_��������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], �c����$t$ [$\times 10^4$sec], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.}}
�}\ref{fig:conv-seeds1} �Ɠ��l�̐}. ������, H$_{\mathrm{d}} =$1 km�`4 km �̎������ʂł���.}
  \label{fig:conv-seeds2}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}earlytime--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
%\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�g�[�^���̐����C������̏�����]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-basictortalvapor2.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���ԕ��ς����g�[�^���̐����C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-totalvapor-earlytime2.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �̔��抣���v�Z���瓾��ꂽ, %
(a) ���x�̏������ (b) ���ԕ��ς����g�[�^���̐����C������̐}. %
(a) �̎��x�̏�����̓g�[�^���̐����C������ŕ\����Ă���. %
(b) ��$t = $ 12600 sec�`18000 sec �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��Ă���. %
������, �g�[�^���̐����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], �c����$z$ [m], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.}} 
  \label{fig:earlytime}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}dragcloud--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{-10pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[h] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=8.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-dragcloud.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �̔��抣���v�Z�ɂ�����, $z =$ 5125 m �ł̉_����������
$x-t$ �f��. �_���������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], �c����$t$ [$\times 10^4$sec], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:dragcloud}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%�L���v�V�����̊!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}dragtime--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{0pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[���ԕ��ς��������C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 230 180 140 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-vapor-dragtime.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���ԕ��ς����g�[�^���̐����C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 230 180 140 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-totalvapor-dragtime2.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ł̔��抣���v�Z���瓾��ꂽ, %
���ԕ��ς��� (a) �����C�������� (b) �g�[�^���̐����C������̐}. %
�����ł�$t = $16200 sec�`30600 sec �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��Ă���. %
�����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg] �ł���, �c����$z$ [m], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:dragtime}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}

���������H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �̎����𒆐S�ɍl����. %
�}\ref{fig:earlytime}(a),(b) �͂��ꂼ��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �̎������瓾��ꂽ, ��C�̏������x��%
$t$ = 12600 sec�`18000 sec �Ŏ��ԕ��ς����g�[�^���̐����C������̕��z���������}�ł���.~%
�}\ref{fig:earlytime}(a),(b) ���r����Ɛ}\ref{fig:earlytime}(b) �ɂ�����, %
�����̈�ł͍��x 4 km ���牔�������㑤�� 400 m �����̑w����, �����C��
���������0.001 kg/kg�`0.002 kg/kg ������, ����Ŕ񊣑��̈�ł�, ���x3.5 km �ȏ�Ő����C�����������0.002 kg/kg �ق�
�������Ă��镔����������.~���̊����̈�ł̐����C�ʂ̑�����, �O�߂̐}\ref{fig:4km-no-huta}(a) �̍��x4 km�`4.5 km �ȏ�Ɍ���ꂽ�����C�̑���
�Ɠ��l�̂��̂ł���ƍl������. %
�܂�, �v�Z���J�n����Ɋ����̈�Ŋ����ȉ_�Η��̔�����}�����Ă����̂�, ���xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ȏ�ɍL����
���������w�̉e���ɂ����̂ł��낤.

���ɐ}\ref{fig:dragcloud} �ɒ��ڂ���. �}\ref{fig:dragcloud} ��, $t =$0 sec�`70000 sec �܂ł�$z =$5125 m �ɂ�����
�_�����$x-t$ �f�ʂł���. �}\ref{fig:dragcloud} ����, $t =$15000 sec�`30000 sec ��, �񊣑��̈�ł͉_�Η���
�����ɐ����Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��. %
���̔񊣑��̈�ł̉_�����������Ȏ��ԑтɒ��ڂ���. %
�}\ref{fig:dragtime}(a),(b) ��, ���ꂼ��$t = $16200 sec�`30600 sec �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς���, �����C��������
�g�[�^���̐����C�������\��. %
�}\ref{fig:dragtime}(a) �������, �����̈�ł͍��x3 km�`4 km ��0.001 kg/kg�`0.008 kg/kg �̐����C�ʂ̌�����
������. �܂�, �}\ref{fig:dragtime}(b) �ł�, �}\ref{fig:earlytime}(b) �ł͑��݂������x4 km �ȏ�̐����C���Ȃ��Ȃ��Ă���
���Ƃ��킩��. �����, �񊣑��̈�ł͍��x3 km�`7 km, �����̈�270 km�`320 km ��400 km�`440 km �ɂ�����, %
0.0005 kg/kg�`0.002 kg/kg �̐����C�ʂ̑�����������. ���̔񊣑��̈�Ɍ����鐅���C�ʂ��������Ă���̈��, %
�}\ref{fig:dragcloud} �̉_�������W�����Ă���̈�ƈ�v���Ă���. %
�����, �����̈�ł͖ڗ����������C�̋Ì��͂Ȃ���������, ����ꂽ�����C�͔񊣑��̈�ł̊����ȉ_�����Ɏ�荞�܂ꂽ�̂ł͂�
�����Ɛ��������.

���̐������m���߂邽�߂�, �}\ref{fig:dragtime}(a) ��$x =$ 140 km�`340 km �̊����̈�Ɣ񊣑��̈�Ƃ̋��E�t��
�̗̈�ɒ��ڂ�, %
�}\ref{fig:nagare-x250} �Ɏ���. ���̐}�ł�$t = $ 16200 sec�`30600 sec �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��������C�����������łȂ�
�x�N�g���ŕ\������������\���Ă���. %
�}\ref{fig:nagare-x250} �������, $x =$ 260 km�`320 km, ���x�� 3 km �ȏ�ɑ��݂���㏸�����, $x =$ 140 km�`260 km ��
�L���鉺�~����, ���x 2 km�`4 km �ɐ}�̉E�����֌������㏸����ɓ����Ă������ꂪ������. %
�}\ref{fig:nagare-x250} �Ɠ��l��, �}\ref{fig:nagare-x0}(b),(c) �ł͐}\ref{fig:dragtime}(a) �̊����̈�Ɣ񊣑��̈�Ƃ�
��������̋��E�t�߂��g�債���}�������Ă���. %
�����Ő}\ref{fig:nagare-x0}(b),(c) �͂��ꂼ��, $x =$ 410 km�`512 km, $z =$ 0 km�`11 km �̗̈��, %
$x =$ 0 km�`100 km, $z =$ 0 km�`11 km �̗̈��\���Ă���.
�܂�, �}\ref{fig:nagare-x250} �Ɠ��l�ɕ�����������Ă���. %
������, �}\ref{fig:nagare-x0}(b),(c) �͎������E�����ɂ����$x =$ 0 km ��512 km �Ōq�����Ă��邱�Ƃɒ��ӂ��ꂽ��. %
�}\ref{fig:nagare-x0}(b),(c) �����$x =$ 430 km �t�߂�, ���x��3 km �ȏ�ɑ��݂���㏸�����, $x =$ 440 km�`512 km, %
0 km�`100 km �ɍL���鉺�~����, ���x 2 km�`4 km �ɐ}�̍������֌������㏸����ɓ����Ă������ꂪ������.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}nagare-x250--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{0pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0,trim= 167 180 190 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-nagare-x250.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{�}\ref{fig:dragtime}(a) ��$x =$ 140 km�`340 km ���g�債���}. ���̐}�ɂ�
$t = $ 16200 sec�`30600 sec �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς�����������`���Ă���. %
�����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg] �ł���, �}���̖��͕����̃x�N�g�����Ӗ���, %
�}�̉E���ɒP�ʃx�N�g�� [m/sec] �̑傫����\���Ă���.~%
������, �c����$z$ [$\times 10^3$ m], ������$x$ [$\times 10^4$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:nagare-x250}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%
%%
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}nagare-x0--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{0pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
  \begin{center}
  \subfigure[$x =$ 410 km�`512 km �̐����C�������̕��z�ƕ�����.]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 166 170 190 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-nagare-x500.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[$x =$ 0 km�`100 km �̐����C�������̕��z�ƕ�����.]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 166 170 190 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-nagare-x0.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{�}\ref{fig:dragtime}(a) ��$x =$ 410 km�`512 km ��0 km�`100 km �̗̈���g�債���}�ł���, %
�}\ref{fig:nagare-x250} �Ɠ��l�ȕ����ʂ�\��. %
�����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg] �ł���, �}�̉E���ɒP�ʃx�N�g�� [m/sec] �̑傫����\���Ă���.~%
������, �c����$z$ [$\times 10^3$ m], ������$x$ [$\times 10^4$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:nagare-x0}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%%%%
%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}draggedvapor--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
%\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�g�[�^���̐����C������̏�����]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 140 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-basictotalvapor.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[$t =$41400 sec �ɂ�����g�[�^���̐����C������̕��z]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 140 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-draggedvapor.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ł̔��抣���v�Z�ɂ�����, �g�[�^���̐����C������̏������%
$t =$ 41400 sec �ɂ�����g�[�^���̐����C������̕��z.~�����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg] �ł���, �c����$z$ [m], ������
$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:draggedvapor}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%
%%

�}\ref{fig:nagare-x250}, �}\ref{fig:nagare-x0}����, ���������̈�̍��xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$�ȉ��̌���2 km �̑�C�w��
�����C��, �񊣑��̈�ɗ��ꍞ��, �񊣑��̈�ɂ�����_�����Ɏ�荞�܂�Ă������Ƃ������ꂽ.~%
������, �}\ref{fig:dragcloud} �Ŏ����ꂽ, �񊣑��̈�ɂ����銈���ȉ_�������I��������Ԃł���, $t =$30000 sec ����3 ���Ԍ��$t =$41400 sec %
�̎��x�ɒ��ڂ���.~�}\ref{fig:draggedvapor}(a) �̓g�[�^���̐����C������̏������\��, %
�}\ref{fig:draggedvapor}(b) ��$t =$41400 sec �ɂ�����g�[�^���̐����C�������\��.~%
�}\ref{fig:draggedvapor}(a),(b) ���r�����, ���x3 km�`4 km �̑�C�w�ōő�Ŗ�0.006 kg/kg �̐����C����������
����, �S�̂ł͎��x���������1/2 �ȉ��ɂȂ��Ă���. ����͑��Ύ��x�ł͏����ɖ�80 \% �ł������̈悪��40 \% �ȉ��ɂȂ������ƂɂȂ�. %
�䂦��, �����̈�ɂ�����, ���������w������������ፂ�x���Ɋg�債�����Ƃ�, �S�抣���v�Z���������_�Η���
������}��������ʂ����܂����̂ł��낤.

H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ȉ��̎����ł�, �񊣑��̈�̊����ȉ_�����ɂ���Ēፂ�x���Ɋ��������w���g�傷�邪, %
���ǂ̂Ƃ��뎞�Ԃ��o�߂���΋����_�Η��������Ă��邱�Ƃ��}\ref{fig:conv-seeds2}(b),(d),(f) ����킩��. %
���̂悤��, ��w�̎��x�����Ȃ莸������Ԃł������_�Η����������v�����l����.~%
�����ł�H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �̎����𒆐S�ɍl���Ă���. %
�܂�, �}\ref{fig:dragtime} �̉��w500 m �ɒ��ڂ����, �����̈�ł͖�0.0005 kg/kg �̐����C�̑����������, �񊣑��̈�ł�
��0.001 kg/kg �̐����C�̌�����������. ���̂悤�Ȋ����̈�Ɣ񊣑��̈�̉��w�̐����C�ʂ̕ω��̈Ⴂ��
�}\ref{fig:draggedvapor}(b) �ł��m�F�ł���. ����ĉ��w�̎��x�Ɋւ��Ă���ɏڂ������邱�Ƃɂ���.

�}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(a) ��, $t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec �Ŏ��ԕ��ς������ʏ��\��,~�n�\���獂�x675 m �܂ł�
��C�w�ɒ��ڂ��Ă���. %
������, $t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec �Ƃ�, �񊣑��̈�ŉ_�������������������Ԃ��犣�������̈�ł������_�Η�
�������n�߂����ԑт��Ӗ����Ă���.~�}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(a) ����, �񊣑��̈�ł͑�C���E�w���Ɍ����� 500 m %
��-0.5 K�`-1.5 K �̗�C�̉򂪂��邱�Ƃ��킩��.~����, �}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(a) �Ɠ������ԂŎ��ԕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~���ʂ�\��
�}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(b) ������. %
������, �~���ʂ͉J���̏d�͗����ɂ��J��������̕ω��ʂŕ\�����. ����č~���͉J���̗����ɂ�錸�����Ӗ����邽��, ���̒l��
�������.~%
�}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(b) ����, �n�\�ʍ~���̂قƂ�ǑS�Ă�, �񊣑��̈���ł���$x =$260 km�`470 km �ɏW�����Ă���, ������
�̈�ɂ�����n�\�ʍ~���ʂ͔��ɏ��������Ƃ��킩��.~%
$t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec �̊ԂɌv�Z�̈�ɍ~�����n�\�ʍ~���̑��ʂ��v�Z�����, $x =$0 km�`256 km �̊����̈�ł�
��0.0083 kg/kg �ł���, $x =$256 km�`512 km �̔񊣑��̈�ł�0.15 kg/kg �ł��邽��, ��20 �{�̍������邱�Ƃ��킩��.~%
�����, �񊣑��̈�ɂ������C�̉�ƍ~���ߒ����֘A���Ă��邱�Ƃ����������. %
�����, �������ς������̑��ω��ɔ������M���o�ɂ�鉷�ʏ��\���}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(c) ������. %
�����, �񊣑��̈�ŉ_�����������ł�����$t =$15000 sec�`30000 sec �͉��w�����M�ɂ���ė�p����Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��. %
������, �������ς����J���̐��� (��) �Ə��� (��) �ɂ��J����������\�����}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(d) ��, %
�������ς����t�̂̐��̋Ì� (��) �Ə��� (��) �ɂ�鐅���C��������\�����}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(e) �ɒ��ڂ���. %
�}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(d),(e) ����, $t =$15000 sec�`30000 sec �ɏ��������J���Ƃقړ��ʂ̐����C���������Ă��邱�Ƃ�
���炩�ł���. �����̈�v����, �񊣑��̈�ł͌������J���~��, ���̉J���n�\�t�߂ŏ����������Ƃɂ����, ��C���p����
�������Ƃ��킩��. ����͐ω_�Η������B�����Ƃ��ɐϗ��_�̉_�꒼���̒n�\�ʂɌ������C�v�[���ɑ�������ƍl������. %
�����, �����̈�ł͉J���~�炷�悤�ȉ_�����͂قƂ�ǂȂ�, ��C�𒘂�����p����v�����Ȃ������ƍl������. ������, %
�}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(a) �̊����̈�̉��w200 m �Ɍ�����0.5 K �ȉ��̉��ʏ�͒n�\�ʂ���̔M�t���b�N�X�Ȃǂɂ����
�������ꂽ�M�ł���Ǝv����.

�}\ref{fig:surfaceq_v}(a) ��$t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec  �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��������C������, �n�\���獂�x675 m �܂ł�
���z��\���Ă���. %
���̐}�ł͔񊣑��̈��0.001 kg/kg�`0.004 kg/kg �̐����C������̌�����, �����̈�ł�5$\times 10^{-4}$ kg/kg�`0.001 kg/kg %
�̐����C������̑�����������. ������, �������ς����ڗ��ɂ�鐅���C�������̐}\ref{fig:surfaceq_v}(b) %
�ɒ��ڂ����, �񊣑��̈�ł�$t =$15000 sec�`30000 sec �̊Ԃ�, �����C�����䂪%
1$\times 10^{-7}$ kg/kg�`2$\times 10^{-7}$ kg/kg �������Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��. ����͊����ȉ_�����ɂ���đ�C���E�w��
�����C������ꂽ���Ƃ��Ӗ����Ă���ł��낤. %
�Ȃ�, �}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(e) ����J�̏����ɂ���Đ����C��2.5$\times 10^{-8}$ kg/kg�`7.5$\times 10^{-8}$ kg/kg ����
���Ă��邪, �����C�̌����̕����\���ɑ傫��. ����Ŋ����̈�ł�, �_�����������ɂ͐����Ȃ��������߂�, ��C���E�w�𒘂���
�����������p���Ȃ�, �n�\�ʂ���̐����C�t���b�N�X�Ȃǂɂ���Ė�5$\times 10^{-4}$ kg/kg �̐����C�����������̂ł��낤. 

�ȏ�̂悤��, �����̈�ł�, �n�\�t�߂��p�����芣���������肷����ʂ����Ɏキ, ��ɒn�\�ʉߒ��ɂ���Đ����C�ƔM����������, %
���������w���ፂ�x�܂Ŋg�債�Ă��Ă�, ���ǂ͋����_�Η��𐶂������邱�Ƃ��ł����̂ł��낤. �܂�, H$_{\mathrm{d}} =$ 3 km ��
���Ă����l�Ȍ��ʂ������Ă���.
\clearpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}surfacetheta--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{1pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-4pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[h] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[���ԕ��ς����n�\�ʕt�߂̉��ʏ]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=8.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-surfacepottemp.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[���ԕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~����]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 130,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-surfacerain.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[�������ς������̑��ω��ɔ������M�ɂ�鉷�ʏ]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-latentheat.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�������ς����J���̐��� (��) �Ə��� (��) �ɂ��J��������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 145 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-raincond.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[�������ς����t�̂̐��̋Ì� (��) �Ə��� (��) �ɂ�鐅���C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 145 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-vaporcond.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{������H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ł̔��抣���v�Z���瓾��ꂽ�}�ł���, �n�\�t�߂ɒ��ڂ��Ă���. %
(a) ���ԕ��ς������ʏ [K]. �c����$z$ [m], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���. %
(b) ���ԕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~����. %
�c���͒n�\�ʍ~���� [$\times 10^{-5}$ kg/kg], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���. %
(a),(b) ��$t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec  �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��Ă���. %
(c) ���̑��ω��ɔ������M���o�ɂ�鉷�ʏ [K/sec]. %
(d) �J���̐��� (��) �Ə��� (��) �ɂ��J�������� [kg/(kg sec)]. %
(e) �t�̂̐��̋Ì� (��) �Ə��� (��) �ɂ�鐅���C������ [kg/(kg sec)]. %
(c), (d), (e) �͐������ς����l�ł���, �c����$z$ [m], ������$t$ [$\times 10^4$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:surfacetheta}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}surfaceq_v--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{1pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-4pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
%\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[h] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[���ԕ��ς����n�\�ʕt�߂̐����C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=11.0cm,angle=0,trim= 170 170 100 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-surfacevapor.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�������ς����ڗ��g�U�ɂ�鐅���C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 140 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-vaporadv.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{������H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ł̔��抣���v�Z���瓾��ꂽ�}�ł���, �n�\�t�߂ɒ��ڂ��Ă���. %
(a) $t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec  �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��������C������ [kg/kg]. �c����$z$ [m], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���. %
(b) �������ς����ڗ��g�U�ɂ�鐅���C������ [kg/(kg sec)]. �c����$z$ [$\times 10^3$ m], ������$t$ [$\times 10^4$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:surfaceq_v}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
�ȏ���܂Ƃ߂�Ǝ��̂悤�Ȃ��Ƃ�������̂ł͂Ȃ����낤��. %
�v�Z�J�n�����10000 sec ���o�߂�������, �����̈�ł͏����̑�C��
�x���[���ƂȂ��Ă����C�w�̉e���ɂ���ĉ_�Η������B�ł��Ȃ���Ԃ�����. �����, �񊣑��̈�ł͋����_�Η������B����.~%
���̔񊣑��̈�̋����_�Η��ɂ����, �����̈�̍��xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ȉ��̐����C���񊣑��̈�ɗ��ꍞ�ނ悤�ɂȂ�. %
�����, ������Ԃ������������w���ፂ�x���Ɋg�債�Ă��܂�. %
���̂���, ������l�Ɋ��������w�����݂����S�抣���v�Z����, �����_�Η������B���ɂ����Ȃ�\�����`�������. %
������, �����̈�ł͋����_�Η��̔������}������Ă��邽�߂�, �n�\�ʂ��p�����芣���������肷��
���ʂ����Ɏキ, �n�\�ʃt���b�N�X�ɂ���ď��X�ɔM�Ɛ����C�����������. %
���̂���, �����̈�ł����Ԃ͂����邪�ŏI�I�ɂ͋����_�Η������B���邱�Ƃ��ł���. %
������, ���̂Ƃ��̋��E�w���ɂ����鎼���ÓI�G�l���M�[��, �[���Η��̔����Ƃ̊֌W���͊m���߂��Ă��Ȃ�.

B �̓����ɂ��Ă�, ���ʏ�𐅕����ς���$z-t$ ���z��\���}\ref{fig:meanpottemp1}, �}\ref{fig:meanpottemp2} ��
������.~% 
�}\ref{fig:meanpottemp1}(a) �͊��������w��^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z���ʂł���, ��̐}�ɂ��Ă�
�����̗�ɑS�抣���v�Z, �E���̗�ɔ��抣���v�Z�̌��ʂ�\���Ă���.~%
�}\ref{fig:meanpottemp2}(c),(e),(g) �͑S�抣���v�Z��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km�`3 km �̎������瓾��ꂽ�}�ł���. %
�����������, ���R�Η�����-1 K�`-5 K �̉��ʏ�������Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��. %
����͋����_�Η��̔��B���}������, �����C���Ì����邱�Ƃœ�������M���o�ɂ����M�̌��ʂ����ɏ�����, ���x10 km �ȉ���
-2 [K/day] �ŗ^�����鐅����l�ȕ��˗�p�̉e������Ɏ󂯂Ă�����̂Ǝv����. �����H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km�`4 km �ł�
���抣���v�Z�̊����̈�ɂ����Ă����l�Ȃ͂��ł���. %
����ɂ��ւ�炸, �����̌v�Z�ɂ����Đ������ς������ʏ�������, ���R�Η�����1 K�`4 K �̉��ʏ㏸��������. %
����, �񊣑��̈�ŉ_�����������ɂȂ�$t =$15000 sec�`30000 sec �̊Ԃ̉��ʏ㏸��������. %
�����, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km�`7 km �̑S�抣���v�Z�┼�抣���v�Z�ɂ����鎩�R�Η����ł̉��ʏ㏸��1 K�`3 K �ł���, %
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km�`4 km �̎����Ɠ����x�ł��邱�Ƃ��킩��. %
�䂦��, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km�`4 km �ł̔��抣���v�Z�ɂ�����, �񊣑��̈�ł̉_�Η��̋��x�������ɋ��������I�ł��邱�Ƃ�
���������. %
������, ���̉_�Η��̋�����, �����̈��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ȉ��̐����C���񊣑��̈�̉_�Η��Ɏ�荞�܂�邱�Ƃ�
�֘A����ƍl������. %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}meanpottemp1--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{3pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[���������w��^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp.eps}
  }\\ 
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-7000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-7.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-6000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-6.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-5000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-5.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{���ʏ�̐������ς̐}. �����ł͊��������w��^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z, �S�抣���v�Z, ���抣���v�Z
���瓾��ꂽ���ʂ�\���Ă���.~���ʏ�̒P�ʂ� [K], %
������$z$ [$\times 10^4$ m], ������$t$ [$\times 10^4$sec] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:meanpottemp1}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}meanpottemp2--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{3pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-4000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-4.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-3000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-3.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-2000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-1000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-1.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{���ʏ�̐������ς̐}. �����ł͑S�抣���v�Z�Ɣ��抣���v�Z
���瓾��ꂽ���ʂ�\���Ă���.~���ʏ�̒P�ʂ� [K], %
������$z$ [$\times 10^4$ m], ������$t$ [$\times 10^4$sec] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:meanpottemp2}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage

�񊣑��̈�ł̉_�Η��̋�����, �n�\�ʍ~���ʂ�����킩��. %
�}\ref{fig:meansurfacerain}, �}\ref{fig:meansurfacerainearly} �͂��ꂼ��S���Ԃ�$t =$0 sec�`50000 sec ��
���ԕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~���ʂł���, ���������w��^���Ȃ��v�Z�Ɣ��抣���v�Z���瓾��ꂽ���̂ł���. %
����$t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �Ƃ������Ԃ�, �}\ref{fig:meanpottemp2} �Ō���ꂽ�悤��, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km�`4 km ��
���抣���v�Z�S�Ăɂ�����, %
���R�Η����ɂ�����1 K �ȏ�̎����I�ȉ��ʏ㏸�������鎞�Ԃł���. %
�܂�, �}\ref{fig:meansurfacerain} �Ɛ}\ref{fig:meansurfacerainearly} ���r�����, $t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �̊Ԃ�
�~���ʂ������_�����������ł��������Ƃ����������. %
���ɐ}\ref{fig:meansurfacerain} �Ɛ}\ref{fig:meansurfacerainearly} �ɂ�����, ������^�������x�ɂ��n�\�ʍ~���ʂ̈Ⴂ���r��
��. ����ɂ��, ������^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km �ȏ�̎����ł͗̈�S�̂ɕ��ϓI�ɍ~����������̂ɑ΂���, %
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ȉ��̎����ł�, �񊣑��̈�ɍ~�����W�������̋��x������. ����$t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �ł̎��ԕ��ςł�
���̓��������m�Ɍ���Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��. �Ō��, �S���Ԃŕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~���ʂ�, $t =$0 sec�`50000 sec ��
���ԕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~���ʂ�, ����ɐ������ς������ύ~���ʂ��܂Ƃ߂��\5.2 �ɒ��ڂ���. %
�v�Z���ԑS�̂ł̕��ύ~���ʂ�, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km �ȏ�̎�����H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km, 3 km �̎����Ƃ������x��, %
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km, 2 km �ł�1/5 ���x�ł���. %
������, $t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �ł̕��ύ~���ʂ�, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �̎������ł������l������, %
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km�`3 km �̎����̒l�ł���, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km �ȏ�̎����Ɠ����x�ł���. %
�����, ���̎��ԑтł�, ���������w��^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z�̒l���ł����������Ƃ��킩��. �����, �n�\�ʍ~������, %
���������w��ፂ�x�ɗ^�����ꍇ�͒������_�Η��̋��x��������, ��r�I�����x�Ɋ��������w��^�����ꍇ�ł�, �_�Η���
�����������邱�Ƃ������ꂽ.
\begingroup
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.6}
\begin{table}[h]
\caption{\footnotesize{���ԕ��ςƗ̈敽�ς����n�\�ʍ~����. ������^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z�Ɣ��抣���v�Z�̌��ʂ��܂Ƃ߂Ă���.}}
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0.8}[0.8]{
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$             & �S���ԕ��ς�̈敽��                    & $t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �̕��ς�̈敽��   \\ \hline
���������w�Ȃ� & $6.6 \times 10^{-7}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $1.2 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 7 [km]    & $2.3 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $4.6 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 6 [km]    & $3.0 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $4.4 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 [km]    & $2.5 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $3.8 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 [km]    & $2.5 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $5.2 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 3 [km]    & $1.8 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $4.1 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 2 [km]    & $4.7 \times 10^{-7}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $4.0 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 [km]    & $4.0 \times 10^{-7}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $3.2 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\endgroup

���̂悤��, ���������ɕs�ψ�ȑ�C�̏������x��^�����������, �����������ł̉_�����̋���������ꂽ. %
�����, �O�߂̍Ō�Ɏc���Ă����^��ɂ��Ă̓���������ꂽ. ���̋^��Ƃ�, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km �̎����ł�����Ȃ��
���������̕s�ψꂪ�����Ă����ɂ��ւ�炸, ���̉e�������Ɍ����Ȃ�������, �{���ɉe���͂Ȃ��̂��Ƃ����^��ł���. %
����͐�q�̂悤��, ���ς̒n�\�ʍ~���ʂ�, ���������w��^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km �ȏ�̎����Ƃ̔�r
����, ���抣���v�Z�̕�����4 �{�傫���Ƃ킩��, ���炩�ɂȂ���. �܂�, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km �ȏ�̎����ł�
�_�Η��̋����Ƃ���, ���x�̕s�ψ�ɑ΂���ω_�Η��̉�����������Ƃ������Ƃł���.

�ȏ�̂悤��, ���x�̐������l�ȏ������^�����, ���x�̐��������̕s�ψ�ȕ��z���_�Η��̔��B�ɋy�ڂ�
���ʂ����m�ɂȂ����ƌ�����. �܂�, ���̌��ʂƂ͔񊣑��̈�ւ̉_�����̏W����, ���x�������������������I�ȉ_�Η��̔��B�ł���. %
���̉e����, ���������w�����������������Ɍ����݂̂Ȃ炸, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km �ȏ�̎����̂悤��
���������̎��x�̕s�ψ��^����w����r�I�󂢏ꍇ�ɂ�, �_�Η��̋����͌����邱�Ƃ��킩����.


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%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{0pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[���������w�Ȃ�]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/Nodry-surfacerain.eps}
  }  
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH7-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH6-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH5-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH4-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH3-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH2-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH1-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{�S���Ԃŕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~����. (a) �͊��������w��^���Ă��Ȃ��������瓾���, %
(b)�`(h) �͔��抣���v�Z���瓾��ꂽ���̂ł���. �c���͍~���� [$\times 10^{-4}$ kg/(kg sec)], ������
$x$ [$\times 10^{4}$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:meansurfacerain}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}meansurfacerainearly--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{3pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{0pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[���������w�Ȃ�]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/Nodry-surfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }  
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH7-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH6-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH5-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH4-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH3-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH2-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH1-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{�}\ref{fig:meansurfacerain} �Ɠ��l�Ȑ}. ������$t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �ŕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~���ʂł���. %
�c���͍~���� [$\times 10^{-4}$ kg/(kg sec)], ������$x$ [$\times 10^{4}$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:meansurfacerainearly}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
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�{�_���ɂ͓�̖ړI��������. ��͒n���̎����Η��������鐔�l�V�~�����[�V����
���f���̊J���ł���, �������, �ω_�Η��̔��B�̍\���𗝉����邽�߂�, ��C�̏������x�ɑ΂���Η��̔��B�̊��x����
���s�����Ƃł�����.

�J���������l���f���̐������̊m�F��, Takemi (2007) �̕����I�ȍČ��v�Z�ɂ���čs��ꂽ. ���̍Č��v�Z�ł�
Takemi (2007) �Ɠ��l�ȗ�C�v�[����_�����x�����_�̌`���������, ���x���قȂ鉔���V�A�[�̂��镗��^�����ۂ�, %
�_�n�������X���������Ƃ���, ����̕��ɑ΂��鉞��������ꂽ. %
�_�����ߒ���������n�̈Ⴂ��������, ��L�̂悤�Ȉ�v������ꂽ���Ƃ��烂�f���̐������͏\���ł���ƌ�����.

��C�̏������x�ɑ΂���Η��̔��B�̊��x�����ł�, �傫�������ē�p�^�[���̐��l�v�Z�ɂ���čs��ꂽ. %
�ǂ���̌v�Z����{�I�ɂ͎��x���[���ł��銣�������w��^����Ƃ������̂ł���. %
�܂���ڂ̎����ł�, ���̍��x�ȏ�ŗ̈�S�̂̑�C���x�̊�{����[���ɂ��Ċ��������w��^����. %
�Ȃ�, �{�����ł͑S�抣���v�Z�ƌĂ�. %
������̎����ł�, ���̍��x�ȏ�Ő����̈�̔����̏����̑�C���x���[���ɂ���悤�Ȑ����C������̏��^����. %
����ɂ��, �����̎��x��𐅕������ɕs�ψ�Ȃ��̂ɂ���. %
�Ȃ�, ���̎����͑O�҂̎����ɑ΂�, ���抣���v�Z�ƌĂ�, �����x�Ɋ��������w�����̈���u�����̈�v, �����łȂ��̈�͑Δ�Ƃ���
�u�񊣑��̈�v�ƌĂ�. %
�܂�, �������ɂ����Ċ�����^���鍂�x�̉�����H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ƌĂ�. %

�S�抣���v�Z�����, ������^���鍂�x�̉���H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �������Ă�����, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ȉ��ł͍��x10 km �ȏ��
���B���鋭���_�Η����������ɂ����Ȃ�Ƃ������x������ꂽ.~����͋����_�Η������߂Ĕ������鎞���̈Ⴂ���画�f���ꂽ. %
���̋����_�Η���}��������n�߂�H$_{\mathrm{d}} =$4 km �͏�����̐U���̑傫����ς��������ł��قڕς��Ȃ�����. ����
���R�͈ȉ��̂悤�ɍl����ꂽ. %
�v�Z�����ɂ͍��x1.5 km �t��, ���Ȃ킿���E�w����_�Η�������, ���̉��x�⎼�x�̊֌W����, �ő哞�B���x�͍��x��3.5 km �ł���
. ������, ���̉_�Η��ɂ���ċ��E�w�̏� (���x2.5 km�`3.5 km) �ɐ����C�����������. %
���̐����C�̗A���ɂ���Č`�����ꂽ���E�w�̏�̎������w���ł�, $t =$7500 sec ���ɋ��E�w����㏸���Ă����_�Η������M���o�ɂ���ċ�
�������. ����ɂ���ĉ_�Η��͂�荂���x�֏㏸���邽�߂̕��͂��l������. %
������, ���������w�����x5 km �ȏ�ɗ^����ꂽ�����ł�, �_�Η������x4 km �𒴂�, ���̏�ł����M���o�ɂ�镂�͂𓾂Ȃ���
���x10 km �ȏ�ɓ��B����. �����, ���x4 km �Ɋ��������w���^����ꂽ�����ł�, ���x4 km �����̑w���������Ă���, ���E�w�̏��
��������㏸���悤�Ƃ���_�Η����̉_����������, ��p����č����x�ւ͏㏸�ł��Ȃ��Ȃ�. ���̏��������ፂ�x�Ɋg�債����������
�w��, ���x4 km �ȏ�̊��������w�ɂ��̒����̐����C���A������邱�ƂŌ`�������. %
H$_{\mathrm{d}} =$ 3 km �ɂ��Ă����l�ł���. �܂�, H$_{\mathrm{d}} =$ 2 km �ɂ��Ă͋��E�w�̐^��ɂ܂Ŋ��������w��
�g�債�Ă��Ă���, ���E�w���Ő������_�Η��͏㏸�����Ƃ���
�Ɋ��������w�ɓ����Ă��܂�, �_���̏����M�ɂ����, �_�Η��̔��B���}�������. H$_{\mathrm{d}} =$ 1 km �ɂ��Ă͋��E�w������
�����Ă��邽�߂ɏ����̉_�Η����甭�B�ł��Ȃ���Ԃɂ���.

�܂�, �S�抣���v�Z�ł͍��xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �ȏ�Ő��������ɔ��l�ƂȂ邱�Ƃ��킩����. �v�Z���Ԃ̌㔼�ɂȂ��
���̎��x�̔��l����, H$_{\mathrm{d}} =$4 km �ȏ�̎����ł͂�����x��������, H$_{\mathrm{d}} =$ 1 km�`3 km �̎����ł�
����Ȃ�Ɏc����. ���̎��x�̔��l�Ɖ_�Η��̔��B�Ɋ֌W��������悤�Ɍ�������, ���Ȃ�B���Ȃ��̂ł��������ߖ��m�ɂ͎�����
�Ȃ�����.

���抣���v�Z�ł�, �S�抣���v�Z�Ɠ��l��, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ȉ��ɂȂ�Ƌ����_�Η��������ɂ����Ȃ邱�Ƃ�
�킩����. ������, �S�抣���v�Z���������_�Η��̔������Ԃ͂���ɒx���Ȃ�, �����_�Η��̔��B��}��������ʂ�����
�Ȃ��Ă��邱�Ƃ��������ꂽ.~�v�Z�J�n����10000 sec ���߂�������, ���xH$_{\mathrm{d}}$ �̏㑤�Ő����C��������, %
�����ł͌������Ă���. �����, ���̎��ԑтɋ����_�Η���}�������̂�, �S�抣���v�Z�Ɠ��l��, ���������w�������x�ɑ��݂���
���߂ł���ƍl����ꂽ. %
����, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �̎����ɂ�����, $t =$15000 sec�`30000 sec �̎��ԑт̎��x��ƕ�����ɒ��ڂ���. %
�����, �����̈�̍��x2 km�`4 km �̐����C��, �񊣑��̈�ɗ��ꍞ��ł��邱�Ƃ��킩����. ���̐����C�����ꍞ�ޗ̈��, ����
�ȉ_������������ꏊ�ł�����. �����H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 3 km �ɂ��Ă����l�ł�����. %
�䂦�Ɏ��̂��Ƃ��������ꂽ. �����̈�ł͊��������w�̉e���ŋ����_�Η������B���ɂ�����Ԃ�����. ���̈���Ŕ񊣑��̈�ł�
�����_�Η���������. ������, �����̈�Ɣ񊣑��̈�̋��E�t�߂ɂ�����, �񊣑��̈�Ő�����_�Η��ɂ��������N����. %
���̂���, �����̈�̐����C���񊣑��̈�ɗ��ꍞ�ނ悤�ɂȂ�, �����ɗ^����ꂽ���������w���ፂ�x���Ɋg�債, �����̈�
�ɂ����ċ����_�Η��̔��B�����}�������.

�����, ���抣���v�Z���瓾��ꂽ���ʏ�̎��ԕ��ς��玟�̂��Ƃ������ꂽ. %
���R�Η����ɂ�����, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ȉ��̎����ł�1 K�`4 K �̉��ʏ�����z��, %
H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km �ȏ�̎����ł�1 K�`2 K �̉��ʏ�����z����. �����, H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 4 km �ȉ��̎����ɂ�����
�񊣑��̈�̉_�����������ɋ������ꂽ���Ƃ��Ӗ�����ƍl����ꂽ. ���̉_�����̋����͒n�\�ʍ~���ʂ���������ꂽ. %
���̂Ƃ�, ���抣���v�Z��H$_{\mathrm{d}}$ = 5 km �ȏ�̎����ɂ����镽�ύ~���ʂ͊�����^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z�̖�4 �{�̒l��
����, ���������w����r�I�󂢏ꍇ�ɂ��_�Η��̋����͌���邱�Ƃ������ꂽ.

�ȏ���܂Ƃ߂��, �{�����ɂ����銴�x�����ł͎��̓�̊��x������ꂽ. (I) �ፂ�x�̊��������w��, ���̑w���т���
���Ȑ[���Η��̌`����}������. (II) �������l�ȏ����̑�C���x��^�����, �񊣑��̈�̉_���������������������. %
������, (I) �̂悤�Ɋ��������w�ɂ��[���Η��̔��B�̗}���͐�s�����ł���Derbyshire (2004) �ł�������Ă���. ������, %
���������w��^���鍂�x�����R�Η��������`�����̊e���x�ɗ^�������Ƃ�, ���x 3 km, 4 km �Ɋ��������w�̉�����ݒ肵���ꍇ�ɂ�
�[���Η��̗}��������ꂽ. �����͐�s�����ł͒��ׂ��Ă��Ȃ����x�ł���. �܂�, (II) �͐��������Ɏ��x�̕s�ψ��^�������Ƃ�
����ꂽ���ʂł���.

�ȏ�̂悤�ȏ����̑�C���x�ɑ΂���ω_�Η��̔��B�̊��x��, ���x�[���̊��������w�����x��ς��Đ��������ɕs�ψ�ɗ^�����������
����ꂽ.

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deepconv ��������悤�ɂȂ�܂���.~���V���珕���ɂ�,~�������\�̍ۂɓI�m�Ȃ��w�E��,~���\���s���l�����ꍇ�Ƀq���g�𒸂�,~%
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�Ȃ������X�ؗm�����ɂ�deepconv �����łȂ��v�Z�@�̈����ɂ����ď����Ē����܂���. %
�܂�,~�w�����ォ��t���������n�܂����n���f���Ȋw��U�̊F�l�Ƃ͔��Ɋy�����v���o����邱�Ƃ��ł�,~%
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�ł��܂���.

�{�_���̌v�Z�ɂ͐_�ˑ�w��ITPASS~�ŊǗ����Ă���������@joho09,06,12~���g�킹�Ē����܂���.

�F�l�ɐS��芴�Ӑ\���グ�܂�.
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\newpage
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\chapter*{Appendix}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%------Appendix A-------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section*{Appendix~A:~�ϐ����X�g}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{A\arabic{equation}}
\renewcommand{\indexname}{Appendix~A:~�ϐ����X�g}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Appendix~A:~�ϐ����X�g}
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\begin{itemize}
\item $C_D$: �o���N�W��.
\item $C_{pd}$: ������C�̒舳��M.
\item $C_{vd}$: ������C�̒�ϔ�M.
\item $C_s^2$: ���g���x.
\item $e$: �O�a���C��.
\item $Fall.$: �J���̗�����.
\item $F_{q_{v}}$: �n�\�ʂ���̐����C�t���b�N�X.
\item $F_{\theta}$: �n�\�ʂ���̔M�t���b�N�X.
\item $F_u$: �n�\�ʂ���̉^���ʃt���b�N�X.
\item $g$: �d�͉����x.
\item $M_d$: ������C�̕��q��.
\item $M_v$: ������C�̕��q��.
\item $p$: �C��.
\item $p_0$: �W���C��.
\item $\pi$:~�G�N�X�i�[�֐�.
\item $q_c$:~�_��������.
\item $q_r$: �J��������.
\item $q_v$:~�����C������.
\item $Q_{cnd}$: �Ïk�ɂ����M��.
\item $Q_{dis}$: �U����M��.
\item $Q_{rad}$: ���˗�p��.
\item $R^{\ast}$: ���ՋC�̒萔.
\item $R_d$: ������C�̋C�̒萔.
\item $\rho$:~��C�̖��x.
\item $\rho_d$:~������C�̖��x.
\item $r_v$: �����C�̃�����.
\item $Src.$: �Ïk�����̐�����.
\item $\theta$:~����.
\item $\theta_v$: ������.
\item $Turb.$: �����g�U��.
\item $T_v$: �����x.
\item $\Dvect{u}$: ���x.~$\Dvect{u} = (u,w)$.
\item $u$: $x$~�����̑��x.
\item $w$: $z$~�����̑��x.
\item $V_{sfc}$: �n�\�ʕ���.
\item $v_0$: �����̍Œ�l.
\end{itemize}
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\section*{Appendix~B:~��b�������n�̓��o}
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\renewcommand{\indexname}{Appendix~B:~��b�������n�̓��o}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Appendix~B:~��b�������n�̓��o}
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�����ł͊�b�������n�̓��o���s��.
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\subsection*{��b�������n}
��b�������n���Čf����.

�^��������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
%\Deqlab{undouhouteisikix}
\frac{\partial u'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial x}
                                  + Turb.u' + F_u, \tag*{\Deqref{undouhouteisikix}}\\
%\Deqlab{undouhouteisikiz}
\frac{\partial w'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z} \nonumber \\
                               &~~~~+ \left(\frac{\theta'}{\overline{\theta}}
                                    + \frac{q_v'/M_v}{1/M_d + \overline{q_v} / M_d}
                                    - \frac{q_v' + q_c' + q_r'}{1 + \overline{q_v}}\right) g + Turb.w'.\tag*{\Deqref{undouhouteisikiz}}
\end{align}
%%
%%

���͕�����
\begin{equation}
%\Deqlab{atsuryokuhouteisiki}
\frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial t}=-\frac{\overline{C_{s}^2}}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}
                                   \nabla \cdot \{\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})\Dvect{u'}\}\tag*{\Deqref{atsuryokuhouteisiki}}.
\end{equation}
%%
%%

�M�̎�
%%
%%
\begin{align}
%\Deqlab{netsunosiki}
\frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial t} &=
                                     -\left(u' \frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial x}
                                     +w' \frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial z}\right)
                                     -w' \frac{\partial \overline{\theta}}{\partial z}
                                     + \frac{1}{\overline{\pi}} (Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis})\nonumber \\
                                    &~~~~+ Turb.\overline{\theta} + Turb.\theta' + F_{\theta}.\tag*{\Deqref{netsunosiki}}
\end{align}
%%
%%

������̕ۑ���
\begin{align}
%\Deqlab{kongouhiqv}
\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              - w'\frac{\partial \overline{q_v}}{\partial z}
                                              + Src.q_v' + Turb.\overline{q_v} + Turb.q_v' + F_{q_v},\tag*{\Deqref{kongouhiqv}}\\
%\Deqlab{kongouhiqc}
\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              + Src.q_c' + Turb.q_c',\tag*{\Deqref{kongouhiqc}}\\
%\Deqlab{kongouhiqr}
\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              + Src.q_r' + Fall.q_r' + Turb.q_r'.\tag*{\Deqref{kongouhiqr}}
\end{align}
%%
%%

�G�N�X�i�[�֐�$\pi$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
%\Deqlab{exner}
\pi \equiv \left( \frac{p}{p_0}\right)^{R_d / C_{pd}}.\tag*{\Deqref{exner}}
\end{equation}
%%
%%

����$\theta$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
%\Deqlab{oni}
\theta \equiv T \left( \frac{p_0}{p}\right)^{R_d / C_{pd}} = \frac{T}{\pi}.\tag*{\Deqref{oni}}
\end{equation}
%%
%%

���x$\rho$
%%
%%
\begin{align}
%\Deqlab{mitsudo}
\rho &= \frac{p}{R_d T}\left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + \Sigma q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + \Sigma q_v + \Sigma q_c + \Sigma q_r)\nonumber \\
     &= \frac{p}{R_d T_v} = \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd} / R_d}}{R_d \theta_v}.\tag*{\Deqref{mitsudo}}
\end{align} 
%%
%%

������$\theta_v$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
%\Deqlab{karioni}
\theta_v = \frac{\theta}{\left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + \Sigma q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + \Sigma q_v + \Sigma q_c + \Sigma q_r)}.\tag*{\Deqref{karioni}}
\end{equation}
%%
%%

���g���x$C_s^2$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
%\Deqlab{onpa}
C_s^2 = \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d \pi \theta_v.\tag*{\Deqref{onpa}}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%----��b�������n�̓��o----%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection*{��b�������n�̓��o}
(1)~~���x�̎��̓��o

�Ïk�������l��������C�̖��x$\rho$~��,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{zenmitsudo}
\rho &= \rho_d + \rho_v + \rho_c + \rho_r \nonumber \\
     &= \rho_d(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)
\end{align}
%%
%%
������,~$q_v = \rho_v/\rho_d,~q_c = \rho_c/\rho_d,~q_r = \rho_c/\rho_d$~�͂��ꂼ��,~�����C�E�_���E�J����
������ł���.~����,~�����C�̂̕�����$p_d$~,~�����C�̕�����$p_v$~�Ƃ�����,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{kansoukitainobunatsu}
p_d &= p\left(1 - \frac{p_v}{p}\right) \nonumber \\
    &= p\left(1 - \frac{p_v}{p_d + p_v}\right) \nonumber \\
    &= p\left(1 - \frac{\rho_v R_v T}{\rho_d R_d T + \rho_v R_v T}\right) \nonumber \\
    &= p\left(1 - \frac{\rho_v \frac{R}{M_v} T}{\rho_d \frac{R}{M_d} T + \rho_v \frac{R}{M_v} T}\right) \nonumber \\
    &= p\left(1 - \frac{q_v / M_v}{1 / M_d  + q_v / M_v}\right)
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�����ŏ�ԕ�����$p = \rho_i R_i T~(i~�͊e���q���Ӗ�����)$~��p���Ă���.~�䂦��,~�����C�̂�
���x��,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{kansoukitainomitsudo}
\rho_d = \frac{p_d}{R_d T} = \frac{p}{R_d T}\left(\frac{1 / M_v}{1 / M_d  + q_v / M_v}\right)
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�. ������,~�����C�̑̐ς͖����ł�����̂Ƃ���.~�ȏォ��\Deqref{zenmitsudo}~��
%%
%%

\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{mitsudo1}
\rho = \frac{p}{R_d T}\left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~������,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{f}
f \equiv \left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ƒ�`�����
\Deqref{mitsudo1}~��
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{mitsudo2}
\rho &= \frac{p}{R_d (T/f)} \nonumber \\
     &= \frac{p}{R_d \pi(\theta / f)} \nonumber \\
     &= \frac{1}{R_d (\theta / f)}\left(\frac{p_0}{p}\right)^{R_d/C_{pd}} \frac{p}{p_0}p_0 \nonumber \\
     &= \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d (\theta / f)}
\end{align}
�ƂȂ�,~$\theta_v \equiv \theta / f,~T_v \equiv T/f$~�ƒ�`�����,
\begin{align}
\rho &= \frac{p}{R_d T}\left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)\nonumber \\
     &= \frac{p}{R_d T_v} = \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd} / R_d}}{R_d \theta_v}\tag*{\Deqref{mitsudo}}
\end{align} 
�𓾂�.


(2)~~�^���������̓��o

�i���B�G~=~�X�g�[�N�X�̉^��������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{Naviex}
\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} &= - \left( u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial u}{\partial z} \right)
                                -\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\partial x} + Turb.u + F_u, \\
\Deqlab{Naviez}
\frac{\partial w}{\partial t} &= - \left( u\frac{\partial w}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} \right)
                                - \frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\partial z} + Turb.w - g
\end{align}
%%
%%
���C��$p$~�̑ւ��ɃG�N�X�i�[�֐�$\pi$~��p���ĕ\��.
$\Deqref{exner}$~���,~$\pi^{C_{pd}/R_d} = p/p_0$~�ł���,~�����$\Deqref{mitsudo}$~��p�����,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{seisuiatsutemae}
\frac{1}{\rho}dp &= \frac{R_d \pi \theta_v}{p}d(p_0 \pi^{C_{pd}/R_d})\nonumber \\
                 &= \frac{R_d \pi \theta_v}{p}\left(p_0 \frac{C_{pd}}{R_d}\pi^{C_{pd}/R_d - 1}\right)d\pi \nonumber \\
                 &= \pi\theta_v\left(C_{pd}\frac{p_0}{p} \pi^{C_{vd}/C_{pd}} \right)d\pi\nonumber \\
                 &= \pi\theta_v\left[C_{pd}\frac{p_0}{p} \left(\frac{p}{p_0}\right)^{C_{vd}/C_{pd}} \right]d\pi\nonumber \\
                 &= \pi\theta_v\left[C_{pd}\left(\frac{p}{p_0}\right)^{-R/C_{pd}} \right]d\pi\nonumber \\
                 &= \pi\theta_v\left[C_{pd}\left(\frac{p}{p_0}\right)^{-R/C_{pd}} \right]d\pi\nonumber \\
                 &= \pi\theta_v\left(C_{pd} \frac{1}{\pi}\right)d\pi\nonumber \\
                 &= C_{pd}\theta_v d\pi
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�����\Deqref{Naviex}, \Deqref{Naviez}~�̉E�ӑ�񍀂ɏ㎮��������,
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{undouhouteisikix1}
\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} &= - \left( u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial u}{\partial z} \right)
                                -C_{pd} \theta_v \frac{\partial \pi}{\partial x} + Turb.u + F_u, \\
\Deqlab{undouhouteisikiz1}
\frac{\partial w}{\partial t} &= - \left( u\frac{\partial w}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} \right)
                                -C_{pd} \theta_v \frac{\partial \pi}{\partial z} + Turb.w -g
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.

(3)~~���͕������̓��o

$\Deqref{mitsudo}$~���,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{drho}
d\rho &= d\biggl[ \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d (\theta/f)} \biggr]\nonumber \\
      &= \frac{p_0}{R_d (\theta/f)}\frac{C_{vd}}{R_d}\pi^{C_{vd}/R_d - 1}d\pi
         - \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d} f}{R_d}\frac{d \theta}{\theta^2}\nonumber \\
      &~~~~+ \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d \theta}\left(
           \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}dq_v + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}dq_c + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}dq_r
         \right)\nonumber \\
      &= C_{pd} (\theta / f) \frac{1}{C_{pd} (\theta / f)} \frac{p_0}{R_d (\theta/f)} \frac{C_{vd}}{R_d}\frac{1}{\pi} \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}d\pi\nonumber \\
      &~~~~- \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d} f}{R_d}\frac{d \theta}{\theta^2} + \frac{1}{f}
           \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d (\theta/f)}
       \left(
           \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}dq_v + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}dq_c + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}dq_r
       \right)\nonumber \\
      &= C_{pd} (\theta / f) \left(\frac{C_{vd}}{C_{pd}}R_d \pi \frac{\theta}{f} \right)\frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d (\theta/f)} d\pi
         - \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d (\theta/f)}\frac{d \theta}{\theta}\nonumber \\
      &~~~~+ \frac{1}{f}\frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d (\theta/f)}
           \left(
           \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}dq_v + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}dq_c + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}dq_r
           \right)\nonumber \\
      &= \frac{C_{pd}\rho \theta_v}{C_s^2}d\pi - \frac{\rho}{\theta_v}d\theta + \rho \frac{1}{f}
         \left(
         \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}dq_v + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}dq_c + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}dq_r
         \right)
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~������,~����$\displaystyle C_s^2 = \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{pv}}R\pi \frac{\theta}{f}$~��p����.~\Deqref{drho}~���,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\frac{d \pi}{dt} = \frac{C_s^2}{C_{pd}\rho \theta_v}\biggl[
                   \frac{d\rho}{dt} + \frac{\rho}{\theta}\frac{d\theta}{dt} - \frac{\rho}{f}
                   \left(
                   \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}\frac{dq_v}{dt} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}\frac{dq_c}{dt} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}\frac{dq_r}{dt}
                   \right)
                   \biggr]
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���.~����ɘA���̎�
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{renzokunosiki}
\frac{d\rho}{dt} = \rho \nabla \cdot \Dvect{u}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
��p����,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{atsuryokuhouteisiki1}
\frac{d\pi}{dt} = \frac{C_s^2}{C_{pd} \theta_v}\biggl[
                  - \nabla \cdot \Dvect{u} + \frac{1}{\theta}\frac{d\theta}{dt}
                  - \frac{1}{f}
                   \left(
                   \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}\frac{dq_v}{dt} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}\frac{dq_c}{dt} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}\frac{dq_r}{dt}
                   \right)
                   \biggr]
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.

(4)~~�M�̎��̓��o

�ȉ��ł�,~���������̕����E�̐ρE���x�͍l�����Ȃ����̂Ƃ���.~�M�͊w���@����
%
\[
U = -W + Q
\]
%
�ł���.~������$U$~�͓����G�l���M�[,~$W$~�͌n���O�E�ɂ���d��,~$Q$~�͊O�E����n�ɓ������M�ʂł���.~
�M�͊w���@���ɂ�����,~�P�ʎ��ʂ�����̓����G�l���M�[��$i$~�Ƃ���Ə㎮��
%
%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{netsurikigakunosiki}
\frac{di}{dt} &= -p_v\frac{dV}{dt} + \mathcal{Q} \nonumber \\
              &= -p_v\frac{d}{dt}\biggl(\frac{1}{\rho_d}\biggr) + \mathcal{Q}
\end{align}
%
%
�ƂȂ�.~������$V,~\rho_d,~p_v$~�͂��ꂼ�ꊣ����C��,~�̐�,~���x,~�����ł���,~$\mathcal{Q}$~��
�����M���ɂ��P�ʎ��ʓ���̉��M���ł���.~���ɃG���g���s�[$S$~�̒�`
\[
S \equiv \int \frac{dQ}{T}
\]
���,~$\displaystyle d S \equiv \frac{d Q}{T}$~��p����,
%
%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{entropy}
T \frac{dS}{dt} = \frac{de}{dt} + p_d\frac{dV}{dt} = \frac{de}{dt} + p_v\frac{d}{dt}\biggl(\frac{1}{\rho_d}\biggr)
\end{equation}
%
%
�ƂȂ�.~�����~\Deqref{netsurikigakunosiki}, \Deqref{entropy}���
%
%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{are2}
T \frac{dS}{dt} = \mathcal{Q}
\end{equation}
%
%
�𓾂�.

����,
%
%
\[\rho_d = \rho_d (p_d,T)\]
�܂���
\[S = S (p_d,T)\]
%
%
�̂悤��$S$~��$p_v$~��$T$~�̓�̓Ɨ��ϐ��݂̂Ɉˑ������
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{entropy1}
dS = \biggl(\frac{\partial S}{\partial p_d}\biggr)_T dp_d + \biggl(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d} dT
\end{equation}
�ƂȂ�.~%
������,~�M�u�X�̎��R�G�l���M�[$G(p_d,T)$~�ɂ���,
\[G=U-TS+pV\]
���,
%
%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{dG1}
dG &= dU -TdS -SdT + p_d dV + Vdp_d \nonumber \\
   &= (dU + p_d dV -TdS) - SdT + Vdp_d \nonumber \\
   &= (dU + dW - dQ) - SdT + Vdp_d \nonumber \\
   &= -SdT + \frac{1}{\rho_d}dp_d
\end{align}
%
%
�ł���.~�����ŔM�͊w���@����p���Ă���.~%
�܂�$G$~��$p_d$~��$T$~�̓�̓Ɨ��ϐ��݂̂Ɉˑ���,
%
%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{dG2}
dG = \biggl(\frac{\partial G}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d} dT +\biggl(\frac{\partial G}{\partial p_d}\biggr)_T dp_d
\end{equation}
%
%
�ł��邩��,~\Deqref{dG1}, \Deqref{dG2} ��ӁX��r����
\begin{align}
\biggl(\frac{\partial G}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d} &= -S, \\
\biggl(\frac{\partial G}{\partial p_d}\biggr)_T &= \frac{1}{\rho_d}
\end{align}
�𓾂�.~�㎮�ɂ���
\[
\biggl( \frac{\partial}{\partial p_d}\biggl(\frac{\partial G}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d}\biggr)_T = \biggl( \frac{\partial}{\partial T}\biggl(\frac{\partial G}{\partial p_d}\biggr)_T\biggr)_{p_d}
\]
��p�����,
\begin{equation}
-\biggl(\frac{\partial S}{\partial p_d}\biggr)_T = \frac{\partial}{\partial T} \biggl(\frac{1}{\rho_d}\biggr)_{p_d} = -\frac{1}{\rho_d^2} \biggl(\frac{\partial \rho_d}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d}, \nonumber
\end{equation}
%
%
�ł���̂�,
%
%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{ds}
\biggl(\frac{\partial S}{\partial p_d}\biggr)_T = \frac{1}{\rho_d^2} \biggl(\frac{\partial \rho_d}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d}
\end{equation}
%
%
�ƂȂ�.~%
�܂�,~�舳��M$C_{pd}$~�̒�`���,
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{Cp}
C_{pd} = T\biggl(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d}
\end{equation}
�ł��邩��,~\Deqref{entropy1} �� \Deqref{ds}, \Deqref{Cp} ��p����,
%
%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{ds1}
dS = \frac{1}{\rho_d^2} \biggl(\frac{\partial \rho_d}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d} dp_d + \frac{C_{pd}}{T}dT
\end{equation}
�ƂȂ�.~����Ɋ�����C�ɑ΂����ԕ�����
\[\rho_d = \frac{p_d}{R_dT}\]
���, \Deqref{ds1} �͂���ɕό`�ł�,
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{ds2}
dS &= \biggl(\frac{RT}{p}\biggr)^2 \biggl(-\frac{p}{RT^2}\biggl) dp + \frac{C_p}{T}dT \nonumber \\
   &= -R\frac{dp}{p} + C_p \frac{dT}{T}
\end{align}
�ƂȂ�. \Deqref{ds2} �𗼕Ӑϕ���,~�ϕ��萔��$S_0$~�Ƃ����,
\begin{align}
S &= C_{pd} \ln T - R_d \ln p_d + S_0 \nonumber \\
  &= C_{pd}\biggl(\ln T -\frac{R_d}{C_{pd}}\ln p_d\biggr) + S_0 \nonumber \\
  &= C_{pd} \ln T \biggl(\frac{1}{p_d} \biggr)^{R/C_{pd}} + S_0 ,
\end{align}
�ł���,~�㎮�𐮗�����
%
%
\begin{align}
\frac{S-S_0}{C_{pd}} &= \ln T \biggl(\frac{1}{p_d} \biggr)^{R_d/C_{pd}} \nonumber \\
\Deqlab{are}
e^{\frac{S-S_0}{C_{pd}}} &= T \biggl(\frac{1}{p_d} \biggr)^{R_d/C_{pd}}
\end{align}
�ƂȂ�.~������,~�W���C��$p_0 = const.$~��p����,~\Deqref{are}~�̗��ӂ�$p_0^{R_d/C_{pd}}$~���������,
%
%
\begin{equation}
p_0^{R_d/C_{pd}} e^{\frac{S-S_0}{C_{p_d}}} = T \biggl(\frac{p_0}{p_d}\biggr)^{R_d/C_{p_d}} \equiv \theta
\end{equation}
%
%%
%%%
�ł���.~���ӂ�$t$~�Ŕ�������
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{dthetadt}
\frac{d \theta}{dt} &= \frac{1}{C_p} p_0^{R/C_p} e^{\frac{S-S_0}{C_p}} \frac{dS}{dt} \nonumber \\
                    &= \frac{\theta}{C_p}\frac{dS}{dt}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�. \Deqref{are2} �� \Deqref{dthetadt} �ɑ�������
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{netsunosiki1}
\frac{d \theta}{dt} &= \frac{\theta}{C_{p_d} T} \mathcal{Q}\nonumber \\
                    &= \frac{\mathcal{Q}}{C_{p_d} \pi}
\end{align}
�ƂȂ�.~%
������
\[
\frac{\mathcal{Q}}{C_{p_d}} \equiv Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis}
\]
�ƒ�`��,~�����g�U�� \Deqref{turboni} ��p�����,~�M�̎���
%%
%%
\[
\frac{d \theta}{dt} = \frac{1}{\pi} (Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis}) + Turb.\theta,
\]
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{netsunosiki2}
\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial t} = -\left(
                                     u\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}
                                     \right)
                                     + \frac{1}{\pi} (Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis}) + Turb.\theta
\end{equation}
�ƕ\�����.

(5)~~�G�N�X�i�[�֐���p�����Ð������t�̎�

\Deqref{seisuiatsutemae} ���,
%%
%%
\[
\frac{dp}{dz} = \rho C_{pd}\theta_v \frac{d\pi}{dz}
\]
%%
%%
�ł���,~�Ð������t�̎�$dp/dz = -\rho g$~���,
%%
%%
\[
\rho C_{pd}\theta_v \frac{d\pi}{dz} = -\rho g,
\]
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{seisuiatsuexner}
\frac{d\pi}{dz} = -\frac{g}{C_{pd}\theta_v} = -\frac{g}{C_{pd}(\theta / f)}
\end{equation}
�ƂȂ�,~�Ð������t���G�N�X�i�[�֐���p���ĕ\�����Ƃ��ł���.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%--- ���`�� ---%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection*{��b�������n�̐��`��}
�����ł͊�b�������n�̐��`�����s��.~�ϐ��͊�{��Ə��ɕ���,~��{��͐Ð������t�ɂ�����̂Ɖ��肷
��.~���̂Ƃ�,~�ϐ��͈ȉ��̂悤�ɏ�����.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
u &= u'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
w &= w'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
\pi &= \overline{\pi}(z) + \pi'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
\theta &= \overline{\theta}(z) + \theta'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
\rho &= \overline{\rho}(z) + \rho'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
q_v &= \overline{q_v}(z) + q_v'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
q_c &= q_c'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
q_r &= q_r'(x,z,t).\nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
������,~����$u,w$~��,~�_��$q_c$,~�J��$q_r$~�̊�{��̓[���ƌ��Ȃ���.~%
�܂�, \Deqref{seisuiatsuexner} ���,~��{��ɂ͐Ð������t�̎�
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{seisuiatsuexner1}
\frac{\partial \overline{\pi}}{\partial z} = -\frac{g}{C_{pd}\overline{\theta_v}} = -\frac{g}{C_{pd}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
\end{equation}
�����藧���̂Ƃ���.

(1)~���������̉^���������̐��`��

���������̉^�������� \Deqref{undouhouteisikix1} ����{��Ə��ɕ��������,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial u'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \left(
                                  \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \overline{\pi}}{\partial x} + \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial x}
                                  + \theta_v' \frac{\partial \overline{\pi}}{\partial x} + \theta_v' \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial x}
                                  \right) + Turb.u' + F_u \nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�㎮�ɂ�����,~2~���̔�������������,~��,~��{��͐��������ɂ͈�l�ł���Ƃ�������,~%
���������̉^��������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial u'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial x}
                                  + Turb.u' + F_u \tag*{\Deqref{undouhouteisikix}} \\
                               &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \frac{\overline{\theta}}{\overline{f}} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial x}
                                  + Turb.u' + F_u \nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.~������~$q_v$~�ɂ���,~���̒l�͊�{��̒l�ɔ�ׂĔ��ɏ��������̂Ƃ��Ċ�{������
\Deqref{f} ����`�������,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{f1}
\overline{f} = \left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + \overline{q_v}/M_v} \right)(1 + \overline{q_v})
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���.

(2)~���������̉^��������

���������̉^���������Ɠ��l�� \Deqref{undouhouteisikiz1} ����{��Ə��ɕ��������,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial w'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \left(
                                  \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \overline{\pi}}{\partial z} 
                                  + \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z}
                                  + \theta_v' \frac{\partial \overline{\pi}}{\partial z}
                                  \right) -g + Turb.w' \nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�㎮�ɐÐ������t�̎� \Deqref{seisuiatsuexner1} ��p�����,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial w'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  + C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{g}{C_{pd}\overline{\theta_v}} 
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z}
                                  + C_{pd} \theta_v' \frac{g}{C_{pd}\overline{\theta_v}} 
                                  -g + Turb.w' \nonumber \\
                               &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z}
                                  + \frac{\theta_v'}{\overline{\theta_v}}g + Turb.w' \nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.~������$\theta_v'$~��,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{thetav'}
\theta_v' &= \left(\frac{\theta}{f}\right)\nonumber \\
          &= \frac{\theta'}{f} - \frac{1}{f^2}\theta \left(
             \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v} dq_v + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c} dq_c + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r} dq_r
             \right)\nonumber \\
          &= \frac{\theta}{f}\left(
             \frac{\theta'}{\theta} - \frac{1}{f}\frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v} q_v'
             - \frac{1}{f}\frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c} q_c' - \frac{1}{f}\frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r} q_r'
             \right)
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ł���. \Deqref{thetav'} �̉E�ӑ�񍀂�,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{thetav'dainikou}
\frac{1}{f} \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}q_v'
&= \frac{1}{\displaystyle \frac{1/M_d}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d} (1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}
   \frac{\partial \displaystyle \frac{1/M_d}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d} (1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}{\partial q_v}q_v'\nonumber \\
&= \frac{1}{\displaystyle \frac{1/M_d}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d} (1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}\nonumber \\
&~~~~\biggl\{\frac{1/M_d}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d}
   - \frac{1/(M_d M_v)}{(1/M_d + q_v / M_v)^2}(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)\biggr\}q_v'\nonumber \\
&= \frac{q_v'}{1 + q_v + q_c + q_r} - \frac{1/M_v}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d}q_v'
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�. \Deqref{thetav'} �̉E�ӑ�O����,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{thetav'daisankou}
\frac{1}{f} \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}q_c'
&= \frac{1}{\displaystyle \frac{1/M_d}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d} (1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}
   \frac{\partial \displaystyle \frac{1/M_d}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d} (1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}{\partial q_c}q_c'\nonumber \\
&= \frac{q_c'}{(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�,~���l�ɂ��� \Deqref{thetav'} �̉E�ӑ�l����,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{thetav'daiyonkou}
\frac{1}{f} \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}q_r'= \frac{q_r'}{(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�����, \Deqref{thetav'dainikou} �` \Deqref{thetav'daiyonkou} ��p����� %
\Deqref{thetav'} ��,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{thetav'1}
\theta_v' = \frac{\theta}{f}\left(\frac{\theta'}{\theta}
          + \frac{q_v'/M_v}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d}
          - \frac{q_v' + q_c' + q_r'}{1 + q_v + q_c + q_r}\right)
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�����ŏ�����͊�{�ꐬ���ɔ�ׂď\���ɏ���������,~���ʂƋÏk������
�S�ʂ���{�ꐬ���ɒu������,~�܂�,~$\overline{q_v}\gg q_c' + q_r'$~�Ƃ���,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{thetav'2}
\theta_v' = \frac{\overline{\theta}}{f}\left(\frac{\theta'}{\overline{\theta}}
          + \frac{q_v'/M_v}{1/M_d + \overline{q_v} / M_d}
          - \frac{q_v' + q_c' + q_r'}{1 + \overline{q_v}}\right)
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.~�㎮��p�����,~���������̉^��������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial w'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z}
                                  + \frac{\theta_v'}{\overline{\theta_v}}g + Turb.w' \nonumber \\
                               &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z} \nonumber \\
                               &~~~~+ \left(\frac{\theta'}{\overline{\theta}}
                                    + \frac{q_v'/M_v}{1/M_d + \overline{q_v} / M_d}
                                    - \frac{q_v' + q_c' + q_r'}{1 + \overline{q_v}}\right) g + Turb.w' \tag*{\Deqref{undouhouteisikiz}}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�����o�����.

(3)~���͕������̐��`��

Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)~�ł�,~��f�M�I�ȉ��M�ɂ��M�c���ƋÏk�ɔ������͕ω��𖳎����Ă���.~���Ȃ킿 %
\Deqref{atsuryokuhouteisiki1} �̑劇�ʓ��̑��,~��O���𖳎�����,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{atsuryokuhouteisiki2}
\frac{d\pi}{dt} = -\frac{C_s^2}{C_{pd} \theta_v} \nabla \cdot \Dvect{u} 
\end{equation}
%%
%%
���p����ꂽ.~�{���f���ōl����n��,~�Ïk�������\���ɏ���������,~���̋ߎ���p���Ă���.~%
��L�̈��͕���������{��Ə��ɕ�������.~������,~������͊�{�ꐬ�������\��������
�Ƃ��������p����,~$1/\theta \sim 1/\overline{\theta},~1/f \sim 1/\overline{f}$~�Ƃ���.~%
���g���x~$\Deqref{onpa}$~��,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{onpa1}
C_s^2 &= \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d \pi \theta_v \nonumber \\
      &\sim \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d (\overline{\pi} + \pi')\left(
         \frac{\overline{\theta} + \theta'}{\overline{f}}\right) \nonumber \\
      &\sim \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d \left(
         \overline{\pi}\frac{\overline{\theta}}{\overline{f}} + \overline{\pi}\frac{\theta'}{\overline{f}}
         + \pi'\frac{\overline{\theta}}{\overline{f}} \right) \nonumber \\
      &= \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d \overline{\pi} \frac{\overline{\theta}}{\overline{f}}
         \left(
         1 + \frac{\theta'}{\overline{\theta}} + \frac{\pi'}{\overline{\pi}}
         \right) \nonumber \\
      &\sim \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d \overline{\pi} \frac{\overline{\theta}}{\overline{f}} \equiv \overline{C_s^2}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ł���.~������,~$\theta' / \overline{\theta} \ll 1,~\pi' / \overline{\pi} \ll 1$~��p����. %
\Deqref{onpa1} ��p����� \Deqref{atsuryokuhouteisiki2} ��
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{atsuryokuhouteisiki3}
& \frac{\partial (\overline{\pi} + \pi')}{\partial t} + u'\frac{\partial (\overline{\pi} + \pi')}{\partial x}
+ w'\frac{\partial (\overline{\pi} + \pi')}{\partial z} = -\frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})} \nabla \cdot \Dvect{u'}, \nonumber \\
& \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial t} = -w' \frac{\partial \overline{\pi}}{\partial z} - \frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})} \nabla \cdot \Dvect{u'}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~����ɏ�ԕ����� \Deqref{mitsudo} ��$\pi$~�ɂ��ď�������,~��{��܂��Ő��`�������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\pi &= \left( \frac{\rho R_d (\theta / f)}{p_0}\right)^{R_d / C_{vd}}, \nonumber \\
\overline{\pi} &= \left( \frac{\overline{\rho} R_d (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{p_0}\right)^{R_d / C_{vd}}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ł���̂�,~�㎮�� \Deqref{atsuryokuhouteisiki3} �ɗp����,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial t} &= - w' \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\left( \frac{\overline{\rho} R_d (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{p_0}\right)^{R_d / C_{vd}}
                                    - \frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
                                    \left( \frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w'}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
                                 &= - w' \frac{R_d }{ C_{vd}}
                                    \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\left( \frac{\overline{\rho} R_d (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{p_0}\right)^{R_d / C_{vd} - 1}
                                    \frac{R_d}{p_0}\frac{\partial \overline{\rho} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{\partial z}
                                    - \frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
                                    \left( \frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w'}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
                                 &= - w' \frac{R_d }{ C_{vd}}
                                    \overline{\pi}\frac{1}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\rho} R_d (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{p_0}}
                                    \frac{R_d}{p_0}\frac{\partial \overline{\rho} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{\partial z}
                                    - \frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
                                    \left( \frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w'}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
                                 &=- w' \frac{R_d }{C_{vd}}
                                    \overline{\pi}\frac{1}{\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
                                    \frac{\partial \overline{\rho} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{\partial z}
                                    - \frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
                                    \left( \frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w'}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
                                 &=-\overline{C_{s}^2}\frac{1}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}w'
                                    \frac{\partial \overline{\rho} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{\partial z}
                                    - \frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
                                    \left( \frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w'}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
                                 &=-\frac{\overline{C_{s}^2}}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}
                                    \biggl\{
                                    w'\frac{\partial \overline{\rho} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{\partial z}
                                    + \overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})
                                    \left( \frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w'}{\partial z}\right)\biggr\} \nonumber \\
                                 &=-\frac{\overline{C_{s}^2}}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}
                                   \Dvect{u'} \nabla \cdot [\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})]
                                   + \overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f}) \nabla \cdot
                                     \Dvect{u'}\nonumber \\
                                 &=-\frac{\overline{C_{s}^2}}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}
                                   \nabla \cdot \{\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})\Dvect{u'}\}\nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.~�����,~���͕�����
%%
%%
\[
\frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial t}=-\frac{\overline{C_{s}^2}}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}
                                   \nabla \cdot \{\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})\Dvect{u'}\}\tag*{\Deqref{atsuryokuhouteisiki}}
\]
%%
%%
������ꂽ.

(4)~�M�̎��̐��`��

�M�̎� \Deqref{netsunosiki2} ����{��Ə��ɕ��������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial (\overline{\theta} + \theta')}{\partial t} &=
                                     -u' \frac{\partial (\overline{\theta} + \theta')}{\partial x}
                                     -w' \frac{\partial (\overline{\theta} + \theta')}{\partial z}
                                     + \frac{1}{\overline{\pi} + \pi'} (Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis})\nonumber \\
                                     &~~~~+ Turb.\overline{\theta} + Turb.\theta' + F_{\theta}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~������,~������͊�{�ꐬ�������\���ɏ������Ɖ��肵��,~$1/\pi \sim 1/\overline{\pi}$~�ł��邱�Ƃ�
���p�����,~�㎮����M�̎�
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial t} &=
                                     -\left(u' \frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial x}
                                     +w' \frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial z}\right)
                                     -w' \frac{\partial \overline{\theta}}{\partial z}
                                     + \frac{1}{\overline{\pi}} (Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis}) \nonumber \\
                                     &~~~~+ Turb.\overline{\theta} + Turb.\theta' + F_{\theta} \tag*{\Deqref{netsunosiki}}
\end{align}
%%
%%
��������.

(5)~������̕ۑ����̐��`��

�Ïk�����̍�����̕ۑ����ɂ��Ă�,~�ϐ�����{��Ə��ɕ�������.

������̕ۑ���
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{kongouhiqv1}
\frac{\partial q_v}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial q_v}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial q_v}{\partial z} \right)
                                   + Src.q_v + Turb.q_v + Turb.q_v + F_{q_v},\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqc1}
\frac{\partial q_c}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial q_c}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial q_c}{\partial z} \right)
                                   + Src.q_c + Turb.q_c,\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqr1}
\frac{\partial q_r}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial q_r}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial q_r}{\partial z} \right)
                                   + Src.q_r + Fall.q_r + Turb.q_r.
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ɂ���,~������,~�������͏�����̂ݑ��݂���Ɖ��肵,~�M�̎��Ɠ��l�Ɋ�{��Ə��ɕ��������,~
�Ïk�����̍�����̕ۑ���
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              - w'\frac{\partial \overline{q_v}}{\partial z}
                                              + Src.q_v' + Turb.\overline{q_v} + Turb.q_v' + F_{q_v},\tag*{\Deqref{kongouhiqv}}\\
\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              + Src.q_c' + Turb.q_c',\tag*{\Deqref{kongouhiqc}}\\
\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              + Src.q_r' + Fall.q_r' + Turb.q_r' \tag*{\Deqref{kongouhiqr}}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%------Appendix C-------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\newpage
\section*{Appendix~C:~��{��ɂ���}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{A\arabic{equation}}
\renewcommand{\indexname}{Appendix~C:~��{��ɂ���}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Appendix~C:~��{��ɂ���}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\subsection*{���x�Ƒ��Ύ��x�̉������z}
�e�����̉��x�Ƒ��Ύ��x�̊�{��̒l��,~�ȉ��̕\�̕��z����`��Ԃ��ė^����~(Yamasaki, 1983~���Q��).

(1)~���x�̉������z
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
���x~[km] & ���x~[K] && ���x~[km] & ���x~[K] \\ \hline
0.05 & 299.60 && 7.50 & 256.55 \\ \hline
0.16 & 298.72 && 8.10 & 252.50 \\ \hline
0.29 & 297.68 && 8.70 & 248.15 \\ \hline
0.44 & 296.48 && 9.30 & 243.50 \\ \hline
0.61 & 295.13 && 9.90 & 238.70 \\ \hline
0.80 & 293.90 && 10.50 & 233.90 \\ \hline
1.02 & 292.47 && 11.10 & 229.10 \\ \hline
1.28 & 290.90 && 11.70 & 224.30 \\ \hline
1.58 & 289.40 && 12.35 & 219.25 \\ \hline
1.95 & 287.55 && 13.05 & 213.85 \\ \hline
2.37 & 285.45 && 13.80 & 208.50 \\ \hline
2.82 & 283.13 && 14.65 & 203.70 \\ \hline
3.33 & 280.38 && 15.50 & 200.55 \\ \hline
3.90 & 277.25 && 16.55 & 199.60 \\ \hline
4.50 & 273.95 && 17.70 & 201.40 \\ \hline
5.10 & 270.65 && 18.95 & 205.15 \\ \hline
5.70 & 267.35 && 20.30 & 209.20 \\ \hline
6.30 & 263.90 && 21.80 & 212.90 \\ \hline
6.90 & 260.30 && &\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\newpage
(2)~���Ύ��x�̉������z
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
���x~[km] & ���Ύ��x~[\%] && ���x~[km] & ���Ύ��x~[\%] \\ \hline
0.00 & 83 && 9.60 & 61 \\ \hline
0.60 & 91 && 10.20 & 62 \\ \hline
1.20 & 95 && 10.80 & 62 \\ \hline
1.80 & 95 && 11.40 & 63 \\ \hline
2.40 & 91 && 12.00 & 63 \\ \hline
3.00 & 85 && 12.70 & 64 \\ \hline
3.60 & 80 && 13.40 & 67 \\ \hline
4.20 & 75 && 14.20 & 74 \\ \hline
4.80 & 71 && 15.10 & 75 \\ \hline
5.40 & 68 && 16.00 & 46 \\ \hline
6.00 & 66 && 17.10& 26 \\ \hline
6.60 & 65 && 18.30 & 7 \\ \hline
7.20 & 64 && 19.60 & 1 \\ \hline
7.80 & 63 && 21.00 & 0.5 \\ \hline
8.40 & 62 && 22.60 & 0.2 \\ \hline
9.00 & 61 && &  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
%
%
%
\subsection*{�Ð������t�̎�}
�Ð������t�̎���,~���̍�����ω��ɂ�鈳�͕ω����l������`�ɕό`����.~%

�Ð������t�̎���,%
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{seisuiatsu}
\frac{\partial \overline{p}}{\partial z} = -g\overline{\rho}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�Œ�`�����.~������,~$\overline{p}$~�͊�{��̈���,~$\overline{\rho}$~�͊�{��̖��x,~$g$~�͏d�͉����x,~$z$~�͍��x�ł���.~%
����,~��ԕ�����
\begin{equation}
pV = nR^{\ast}T
\end{equation}
%%
%%
��,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{zyoutai}
\overline{p} &= \frac{nR^{\ast}\overline{T}}{V}\nonumber \\
  &= \frac{mR^{\ast}\overline{T}}{MV}\nonumber \\
  &= \overline{\rho}RT,\\
R &= \frac{R^{\ast}}{M}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~������,~$V$~��C�̑̐�,~$n$~�͑�C�̃�����,~$R^{\ast}$~�͕��ՋC�̒萔,~$R = R^{\ast}/M$~�͊�����C�Ǝ�����C��
���킹����C�̋C�̒萔,~$M$~�͑�C�̕��ϕ��q��,~$\overline{T}$~�͊�{��̉��x�ł�
��. \Deqref{seisuiatsu} ���, \Deqref{zyoutai} ��
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial \overline{p}}{\partial z} = - g \frac{\overline{p}}{\overline{T}(R^{\ast} / M)}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�����,~������C�̕��q�ʂƃ���������ꂼ��$M_d,r_d$,~������C�̕��q�ʂƃ���������ꂼ���$M_v,r_v$,~%
�O�a���C����$e$,~���Ύ��x��$RH(z)$~�ƒu����,~�����C�̃�����̎�
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\overline{r_v} = \frac{e RH(z)}{\overline{p}}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
����,
\begin{align}
M &= \overline{r_d} M_d + \overline{r_v} M_v,\nonumber\\
  &= (1 - \overline{r_v})M_d + \overline{r_v} M_v,\nonumber\\
  &= M_d + \overline{r_v}(M_v - M_d)
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.~�ȏォ��,~�����C���܂ޑ�C�ɂ�����Ð����̎���
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial \overline{p}}{\partial z} = - g\frac{\overline{p}}{\overline{T}[R^{\ast} / (M_d + \overline{r_v}(M_v - M_d))]} \tag*{\Deqref{kihonbakiatsu}}
\end{equation}
�ƂȂ�.

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%-------�Q�l����--------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\chapter*{�Q�l����}
\markright{�Q�l����}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{�Q�l����}
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%
%
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�k�C����w���w�@�C�m�_��.
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\end{document}