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\Dtitle{\LARGE{�M�ё�C���̓񎟌��ω_�Η��̐��l�v�Z\\
-�����̑�C���x�ɑ΂��銴�x-}}
\author{�_�ˑ�w��w�@���w�����Ȓn���f���Ȋw��U
\\ �n������јf����C�Ȋw������
\\ ���m�ے��O���ߒ�2~�N�@�@�@����~~��}
\date{2011/1/31}
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~~�n���̑�C���ł͐��̑��ω��𔺂��Η�������, ���̂悤�ȑΗ��͐ω_�Η��ƌĂ΂�Ă���(����, 1994). %
�܂�, �n����C�̉����\�����ێ�������̂̈�Ƃ��đΗ��������m���Ă���,~%
���̉ߒ��ł͒n�\�t�߂̃G�l���M�[���Η����ւƗA������� (Nakajima and Matsuno, 1988).~Riehl and Malkus (1958) �ł�
�M�яW���тł̃G�l���M�[���x��͂��s��ꂽ.~���ʂƂ���, ���Ȃ��Ƃ��M�ш�ł�,~�ω_�Η����n����C�̉����\�������肷��
�����ŏd�v�Ȃ��̂̈�ł���Ǝ����ꂽ����, �ω_�Η��̔��B�Ɋւ��錤�������邱�Ƃ͏d�v�ł���.

��s�����Ƃ���,~�ω_�Η��Ɋւ��鐔�X�̐��l�������s���Ă���.~���̒��ł�, DERBYSHIRE (2004) ��Takemi (2006) �ł�
, �ω_�Η��̔��B�ɂ�������̎��x�̉e�������؂���Ă���. �����̎�������, �ፂ�x�̎��x�͑Η���ɐ����Ă��镗�Ƃ�
���ݍ�p�ŐV���ȑΗ��n�𐶂����������������C�v�[���̌`���Ɗ֘A��, �܂�, �ፂ�x�`�����x�̎��x�͐[���Η��̌`����
�}������Ƃ����悤�Ȍ��ʂ�����ꂽ. ���̂��ߐω_�Η��̔��B�̓x�����͑�C���x�ɑ傫���e������邱�Ƃ�������, %
�ω_�Η��̍\�������肷���ő�C���x���d�v�ȗv�f�ł��邱�Ƃ��킩���Ă���. %

������, Takemi (2006) �ł�,~���x2~km~�܂ł̑�C�w�̎��x��ω������邱�Ƃɗ��܂��Ă���.~%
�܂�,~DERBYSHIRE~(2004)~�ɂ��Ă͑�C�̎��x��ω������鍂�x��2 km �ɌŒ肳��Ă���.~�����ė��҂Ƃ��Ɏ��x�[���Ƃ������S��
����������C�ł̎����͍s���ĂȂ�. %
������,~�{�����ł͎��x���[���ɂ�����C�w��l�X�ȍ��x�ɗ^�������l�������s����. �܂�, ���������ɂ����������̈�Ƃ����łȂ�
�̈��^�������l�v�Z���s���Ă���.

�{�����ɂ����Ă�, �ω_�Η��̐��l�������s���ړI�����������.~�����,~�Η����ۂ̕�I�����ɍv������
���߂̐��l���f���J���ł���.~���̈Ӌ`�͏��͂ŏq�ׂ邱�Ƃɂ���, �����ł͊J���������l���f���ɂ��ĊȒP�ɐ�������. %
���f���ł͎x�z��������Klemp and Wilhemson (1978) �̓񎟌������k�������n�Ɋ�Â��Ē莮�����ꂽ���R�� (2009)~��
�������n��n���p�Ɉꕔ�C�����ėp���Ă���.~�����p�����^���[�[�V�����ɂ��Ă�,~�����g�U�ߒ���1.5~���̃N���[�W���[���f��
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(Klemp and Wilhemson, 1978 �����CReSS~(�ؖ؂ƍ匴, 2001))~�ŕ\�����Ă���.~�_�����p�����^���[�[�V������Kessler (1969) �̒g�����J�̃o���N�p�����^
���[�[�V������p���Ă���, �^����,~�M,~�����C�̒n�\�ʃt���b�N�X�͊ȗ������ꂽ�o���N�@~(����, 1994)~���̗p����. %
��Ԃ̗��U����, 2 �����x�܂���4 �����x�̒��S������p���čs��.~���Ԑϕ��ɂ̓��[�h�ʎ��ԕ����@��p��, ���g�ƋÌ��Ɋւ���
���͒Z�����ԃX�e�b�v�ŕ]����, ���̑��̍��͒������ԃX�e�b�v�ŕ]�����Ă���. �����Ď��ԕ����̗��U���ɂ��Ă�
���̂悤�ȕ��@���Ƃ��Ă���.~���g�֘A���̗��U���ɂ�HE-VI �@��p��,~���������̉^���������͑O�i����,~����������
�^������������ш��͕������͌�ލ��� (�N�����N$\cdot$�j�R���\���@) �ŕ]������. %
�܂�, Takemi (2006) �̊�{���p�����Č��v�Z�𕔕��I�ɍs�����Ƃ�, �J���������f���̐��������m���߂�.

�{�_���ōs���������̐ݒ�͎��̓�ł���. (I) ���̍��x�ȏ�̎��x�̊�{��̒l��S�ă[���ɐݒ肷��. ���̎��x���[���ɂ���
���x�̉�����7 �q ����1 �q �������čs��. ���̍��x��֋X��, DH �ƌĂ�. �܂�, ������̐U��0.3 K ����Ƃ��Ă����
0.1, 0.3, 3, 10 �{�ɂ��ݒ肷��. (II) ���̍��x�ȏ�̐����̈�̔����̏����̑�C���x�������[���ɐݒ肷��. �v�Z (I)�Ɠ��l��
���̎��x���[���ɂ��鍂�x�̉���DH ��7 �q ����1 �q �������čs��. �֋X��, ���������w�������x���Ɏ��̈���u�������̈�v, ��
���łȂ��̈���u�������̈�v�ƌĂԂ��Ƃɂ���. �� 5 �͖͂{�_���̎�v�ȕ����ł���. �v�Z(I) �����, DH = 4 km �ȉ��ɂ����, %
DH = 5 �q �ȏ�̎����������x 10 km �ȏ�ɓ��B����悤�ȋ����_�Η��̔������Ԃ��������x��, ���������w�̑��݂ɂ���ċ����_��
���̔������}������邱�Ƃ��킩����. ���� 4 km �Ƃ������x�͏�����̐U���̑傫�������Ȃ�傫�������ꍇ��1 km �ω�����������
����, �قڏ�����̉e�����󂯂�, ���x���[���ɂȂ��Ă���w�ɂ���ċ����_�Η����}�������Ƃ������ʂ�����ꂽ. �v�Z(II) ��
��, �����_�Η��̔������}������鎞�� DH �� 4 km �ł�������, �����_�Η����������邽�߂ɗv���鎞�Ԃ͂���ɒx���Ȃ���. �䂦
��, ���������Ɏ��x�̕s�ψ��^�����, �����_�Η���}��������ʂ͂�苭�����̂ɂȂ�Ƃ����X��������ꂽ. ���̂悤�ȌX������
��ꂽ������, ���x DH �t�߂̕���������邱�ƂŔ�������. t = 15000 sec�`30000 sec �̎��ԑт�, �������̈�ł͊��������w�ɂ��
�ċ����_�Η����}������Ă���, ����Ŏ������̈�ł͋����_�Η������Ɍ`������Ă���. ������, ���̎��Ԃŕ��ς������������Ɛ���
�C�̏���z����, �������̈�̐����C���������̈�ɗ���, �����ł̉_�����Ɏ�荞�܂�Ă���Ƃ������Ƃ������ꂽ. ���̂���, ����
���̈�ł͍��x DH �ȉ��̖�P km �̑w�̎��x���[�����甼�����x�ɂȂ�, �����_�Η��̔�������苭���}�������Ƃ������������ꂽ��
�l����ꂽ. ����ɉ��ʏ�̎��ԕ��ς���, DH = 4 km �ȉ��̎����ł�, ���x 10km �ȉ��ɐ��̉��ʏ���L�����z���邱�Ƃ���
������. �����̎����ł͊������̈�ɂ����ċ����_�Η��������ɂ�������, ���̉��ʏ�̂قƂ�ǂ͎������̈�Ő��������̂ƍl����
���. ������, ���̉��ʏ�̑傫����, ���������w��^
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\noindent ���Ă��Ȃ�������, DH = 5 �q �ȏ�̎����̂悤��, �����_�������S��Ő�����
���������Ɠ����x������ȏ�ł�����. ����ɂ��, ���������Ɏ��x�̕s�ψꂪ�����, �������̈�őΗ����N���ɂ����Ȃ邾���ł�
��, �������̈�ł͉_�������W���I�ɋN����, ���������w�������Ƃ����������������ɂȂ�Ƃ������Ƃ������ꂽ.

�����, �{�����ł͑�C���x�ɑ΂���ω_�Η��̔��B�̊��x�Ƃ��Ď��̂悤�Ȃ��Ƃ������ꂽ. ��w�Ɋ��������w�����݂���Ƃ�, ����
���̍��x�܂Ŋ��������w������Ă���Ƌ����_�Η��̔������}�������. �܂����ꂾ���ł͂Ȃ�, ���������Ɏ��x�̕s�ψꂪ�����, ���������w�����̈�ł�
�����_�Η��̔��������Ȃ�}������, ����ł����łȂ����ł�, �_��������芈���ŏW���I�ɐ�����悤�ɂȂ�.



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\Dtitle{�M�ё�C���̓񎟌��ω_�Η�}
\tableofcontents
%
%== ����
%* ����: �͂��߂�
%  * �ω_�Η��ɂ��Ă̐���
%    * �ω_�Η��Ƃ�
%    * �ω_�Η��̐�s����
%    * �ω_�Η��̐����Ƃ��Ẵ��\�Η��n�̐���
%  * �����̖ړI
%    * ����ǋy����̂�
%      * Nakajima and Matsuno (1988) �� ���� (1994) ���Q�l�ɂ���
%  * �ǂ�Ȍv�Z��������v��
%  * �_���̍\��
%
%* ����: ���f���̐���
%  * ��b�������n
%  * ������̐���
%    * ��̓I�ȃf�[�^�� Appendix A
%    * ���x�E�C���E���x�̐}���炢�͂����ɍڂ��Ƃ�?
%    * �Ð����̎�
%      * ���o�� Appendix A
%
%* ��O��: �����ݒ�
%  * �e�����̉_�����̑g�ݍ��킹 (�P�[�X) �̐���
%  * �n�̐ݒ�
%    * �v�Z�̈�E�ϕ����ԁE�O���b�h�E������Eetc...
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%* ��l��: �������ʂƋc�_
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%* ��܏�: ���_
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%* �ӎ�
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%* Appendix
%  * A: �ϐ����X�g
%  * B: ��b�������n�̓��o
%    * ��{��Ə��ɕ�����O
%    * ���`��
%  * C: ������̐ݒ�
%    * ���x�E���Ύ��x�f�[�^
%    * �Ð������t�̎��̕ό`
%
%* �Q�l����
%  * Yamasaki (1983) 
%  * Nakajima and Matsuno (1988)
%  * Nakajima (1994)
%  * Riehl and Malkus (1979)
%  * Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)
%  * Kessler (1969)
%  * etc...
%
\Dtitle{�M�ё�C���̓񎟌��ω_�Η�}
\chapter{����}
\markright{����}
\section{�͂��߂�}
���� (1994) �ɂ���, �ω_�Η��Ƃ͐��̑��ω��𔺂������Η��̂��Ƃł���.~������, �����ȏ㏸�^���������Ă���̈�ɂ����Ă�, ����
��ԃX�P�[���̃I�[�_�[��1�`10~km~�ł���,~������1~���Ԓ��x�ł���.~%
�n����C�̉����\����,~���ˉߒ���Η��ߒ��ɂ���Ĉێ�����Ă���
���Ƃ��m���Ă���,~�O�҂͒n�\�ł̃G�l���M�[�̑����ƑΗ����ɂ����錸���𐶂�����,~��҂�
�n�\�t�߂̃G�l���M�[��Η����ւƗA������������ʂ��� (Nakajima and Matsuno, 1988).~%
�܂�,~Riehl and Malkus (1958) �ł͔M�яW���тł̃G�l���M�[���x��͂��s���,~�M�ш�Ő����镽�ϓI�ȏ㏸���̑啔����
�ω_�Η����Ő����Ă��邱�Ƃ������ꂽ.~���̂���,~���Ȃ��Ƃ��M�ш�ł�,~�ω_�Η��͒n����C�̉����\�������肷��
�����ŏd�v�Ȃ��̂̈�ł���ƌ�����.\par
�ω_�Η��ɂ͑傫�ȓ���������.~�����,~�X�̐ϗ��_�͂��ꂼ�ꂪ�Ɨ����đ��݂���
���Ƃ͂��邪,~�����̏ꍇ�ɂ͕����̐ϗ��_����K�͂ɑg�D������,~�傫�Ȑϗ��_�̏W�c���`������Ƃ������̂ł���.~%
�g�D�������ϗ��_�̏W�c�͂��΂��΃��\�X�P�[���̑Η��n���\����,~��������\�Η��n�Ƒ��̂���.~�����,~���\�Η��n��
���̌`�󂩂�c��󃁃\�Η��n�Ɛ��󃁃\�Η��n�ɕ�������~(���q, 1984).~�O�҂͑傫����10~km~���琔�\km~�̉�ł���,~%
��҂͊����Ȑϗ��_��100~km~�ȏ�ɓn���Đ���ɕ��񂾂��̂ł���.

�ϗ��_�̑g�D���̈�̗�Ƃ���,~�}1~�ł�Houze et al (1989)~�ɂ����󃁃\�Η��n�̈�ł���X
�R�[�����C���̖͎��}�������Ă���.~���̐}��,~Newton (1950), Fujita (1955), Pedgley (1962), Zipser (1969, 1977), %
Houze (1977), Gamache and Houze (1982), Smull and Houze (1985, 1987a) ����,~���ܓx�ƔM�т̗����̌n
�ɂ�����T�O�}�Ɋ�Â�,~Rutledge et al., (1988) �� Johnson and Hamilton (1988) �Ŏ����ꂽ,~%
1985~�N6~��10-11~���̗����O�Ɋϑ����ꂽ�X�R�[�����C�����Q�l�ɂ��Ă���.~%
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(1)~�X�R�[�����C���͐���Ɍ`�����ꂽ�ϗ��_�̗�ɑ΂���,~�S�̓I�ɐ����ȕ����ֈړ�����.~�}�ł̓X�R�[�����C����
������E�Ɉړ����Ă���.~%
(2)~�X�R�[�����C���̑Η���ł�,~����,~�₽�����~����������.~���̉��~����,~0~��~���x�ł̕X���q�̗Z���ɂ���C�̗�p��
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�Z����,~�u���C�g�o���h�ƌĂ΂�鋭�����[�_�[���˂������̈���`������.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=90,trim= 90 10 90 0,clip]{squallline.eps}
\caption{\footnotesize{�w��_�̈�𔺂��X�R�[�����C���̉����f�ʂ̖͎��}.~�X�R�[�����C���͐}�̍�����E�̕�����
�ړ����Ă���,~�Η��_�͎��ʂɐ����ȕ����ɐ���ɕ���ł���.~������,~���������͋C�ۃ��[�_�[���\���_�̊O�`�ł���.~%
�ł��O���̂��������̐���,~�q��@��l�H�q���̊ϑ��ɂ���Ē�`�����_�̗֊s�ł���.~�e��t�����̈�ƍ��h��̗̈��,~%
���[�_�[���ˋ��x�������̈������.~�܂�,~�Η��捶���*~�͕X�����Ӗ���,~���̋O�Ղ��j���ŋL����Ă���.~H~�����L~�͂��ꂼ��
���ΓI�ɋC���������̈�ƒႢ�̈�ł���.~���͑�C�̗���������Ă���.~(Houze et al, 1989)}}
\label{fig:SquallLine}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%%
%%
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=90,trim= 10 0 10 0,clip]{./D03-fig/D03-1.eps}
\caption{\footnotesize{DERBYSHIRE (2004) �ŗp����ꂽ�i�b�W���O�ɂ���Ċ�{����_���v������Ώۃv���t�@�C���̐}.~���}��
����$\theta$~,~�E�}�͑��Ύ��x$RH$~�̑Ώۃv���t�@�C��������.~���ʂ̑Ώۃv���t�@�C���͍��x1~km~��293~K~�ł���,~���������
��̔䗦3~K~$\mathrm{km^{-1}}$~�ō��x�ƂƂ��ɑ���������.~���x2~km~����ł�,~���x�̑Ώۃv���t�@�C���𕡐��p��
���Ă���,~�ȉ��̂悤�ɗ^���Ă���.~%
$RH_t = 90~\%$~(����),~$RH_t = 70~\%$~(�_��),~$RH_t = 50~\%$~(�j��),~$RH_t = 25~\%$~(�_�j��).~%
�Ȃ�,~�����̐}�͍��x1~km~�܂ł̓i�b�W���O��^���Ȃ��Ƃ��̑Ώۃv���t�@�C���ł���.}}
\label{fig:Pedlosky-1987}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%%
%%

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�Ƃ���~�]����CISK~�̍l���Ƃ͈قȂ���̂ł�����.~Nakajima and Matsuno (1988) �ł�,~��K�͂ɑg�D�������ϗ��_�̏W�c����
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��̉�]���Ȃ���,~��K�͒n�t���^�����Ȃ����̂Ƃ��Ă���.~�_�������ߒ��ɂ�Kessler (1969) �̃o���N�p�����^���[�[�V����
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�̍~�����_�Η��ɓ��݂��鐫���ł���ƌ��_�t���Ă���.~�����,~���� (1994) �ł�,~����������4096�`16384~km~�Ƃ����ɂ߂đ傫��
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\[
(\partial \phi / \partial t)_{nudging} = \{ \phi_t(z) - \overline{\phi}(z)\}/t_n
\]
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\chapter{���f���̐���}
\markright{���f���̐���}
\section{��b�������n}
����J���������l���f����,~����$\cdot$�����̓񎟌����f���ł���.~�ȉ��ł͐��������̍��W
�ϐ���$x$,~���������̍��W�ϐ���$z$,~���ԕ����̍��W�ϐ���$t$~�Ƃ���.~%
�ϐ��̒�`�ɂ��Ă�, Appendix A~�̕ϐ����X�g���Q�Ƃ��ꂽ��.

�͊w�I�Șg�g�݂͏����k�������n~(Klemp and Wilhemson, 1978, ���R��, 2009)~��p���Ă���.~���̕������n�ł�
�\��ϐ��𐅕���l�Ȋ�{��Ƃ�������̂���ɕ���,~�������̐��`�����s���Ă���,~�ȉ��̂悤�ɕ\��.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
u &= u'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
w &= w'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
\pi &= \overline{\pi}(z) + \pi'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
T &= \overline{T}(z) + T'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
\theta &= \overline{\theta}(z) + \theta'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
\rho &= \overline{\rho}(z) + \rho'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
q_v &= \overline{q_v}(z) + q_v'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
q_c &= q_c'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
q_r &= q_r'(x,z,t).\nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
������,~$u$ ��$x$ �����̑��x,~$w$ ��$z$ �����̑��x, $\pi$ �̓G�N�X�i�[�֐�,~$T$ �͉��x,~$\theta$ �͉���,~%
$\rho$ �͖��x,~$q_v$ �͐����C�̍�����,~$q_c$~�͉_���̍�����,~$q_r$ �͉J���̍�����ł���.~%
�܂�,~�P~��t�����ϐ��͊�{���,~'~��t�����ϐ��͊�{�ꂩ��̂����\���Ă���.~%
�Ȃ�,~���x�̎��ł͊��������Ǝ��������̕��q�ʂ̍����l�����邪,~�M�̎��ł͍l�����Ȃ�.~���͕������ł�
��f�M���M�ɂ���C�̖c����,~�Ïk�ɔ������͕ω��𖳎����Ă���.~�܂�,~�n���̉�]���������Ă���.

�^��������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{undouhouteisikix}
\frac{\partial u'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial x}
                                  + Turb.u' + F_u, \\
\Deqlab{undouhouteisikiz}
\frac{\partial w'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z} \nonumber \\
                               &~~~~+ \left(\frac{\theta'}{\overline{\theta}}
                                    + \frac{q_v'/M_v}{1/M_d + \overline{q_v} / M_d}
                                    - \frac{q_v' + q_c' + q_r'}{1 + \overline{q_v}}\right) g + Turb.w'.
\end{align}
%%
%%

���͕�����
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{atsuryokuhouteisiki}
\frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial t}=-\frac{\overline{C_{s}^2}}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}
                                   \nabla \cdot \{\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})\Dvect{u'}\}.
\end{equation}
%%
%%

�M�̎�
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{netsunosiki}
\frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial t} &=
                                     -\left(u' \frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial x}
                                     +w' \frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial z}\right)
                                     -w' \frac{\partial \overline{\theta}}{\partial z}
                                     + \frac{1}{\overline{\pi}} (Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis})\nonumber \\
                                    &~~~~+ Turb.\overline{\theta} + Turb.\theta' + F_{\theta}.
\end{align}
%%
%%

������̕ۑ���
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{kongouhiqv}
\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              - w'\frac{\partial \overline{q_v}}{\partial z}
                                              + Src.q_v' + Turb.\overline{q_v} + Turb.q_v' + F_{q_v},\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqc}
\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              + Src.q_c' + Turb.q_c',\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqr}
\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              + Src.q_r' + Fall.q_r' + Turb.q_r'.
\end{align}
%%
%%

�����C�̕��q�ʂ��l�������Ð������t�̎�
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{kihonbakiatsu}
\frac{\partial \overline{p}}{\partial z} = - g\frac{\overline{p}}
{\overline{T}[R^{\ast} / (M_d + r_v(M_v - M_d))]},
\end{equation}
%%

�G�N�X�i�[�֐�$\pi$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{exner}
\pi \equiv \left( \frac{p}{p_0}\right)^{R_d / C_{pd}}.
\end{equation}
%%
%%

����$\theta$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{oni}
\theta \equiv T \left( \frac{p_0}{p}\right)^{R_d / C_{pd}} = \frac{T}{\pi}.
\end{equation}
%%
%%

���x$\rho$
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{mitsudo}
\rho &= \frac{p}{R_d T}\left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + q_v + q_c' + q_r')\nonumber \\
     &= \frac{p}{R_d T_v} = \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd} / R_d}}{R_d \theta_v}.
\end{align} 
%%
%%

������$\theta_v$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{karioni}
\theta_v = \frac{\theta}{\left( \displaystyle \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + q_v + q_c' + q_r')}.
\end{equation}
%%
%%

���g���x$C_s^2$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{onpa}
C_s^2 = \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d \pi \theta_v.
\end{equation}

������,~$C_{pd}$ �͊�����C�̒舳��M,~$F_{u},~F_{\theta},~F_{q}$~�͂��ꂼ��C�\�ʂ���̉^����$\cdot$�M$\cdot$�����C
�̃t���b�N�X,~$g$ �͏d�͉����x,~$M_d,~M_v$ �͂��ꂼ�ꊣ����C�Ǝ�����C�̕��q��,~$p_0$ �͕W���C��,~$Q_{cnd}$~�͋Ïk�ɂ����M��,~%
$Q_{dis}$ �͎U����M��,~$Q_{rad}$~�͕��˗�p��,~$R^{\ast}$~�͕��ՋC�̒萔,~$R_d$~�͊�����C�̋C�̒萔,~%
$r_v = (M_d / M_v)q_v$ �͐����C�̃�����,~$\theta_v$ �͉�����,~$T_v$ �͉����x,~%
$Turb.$ �͗����g�U��,~$Fall.$~�͉J���̗�����,~$Src.$ �͋Ïk�����̐������ł���.~�܂�,~%
��L�̕��������ŗp�����Ă���$f$~��,~$\theta_v \equiv \theta / f$~�ŕ\�����.

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\section{�n�\�ʃt���b�N�X}
�C�\�ʂ���̉^����,~�M,~�����C�̃t���b�N�X�͒���~(1994)~�̂悤�ɒP���ȃo���N�@��
����Ē莮�����Ă���.
\begin{align}
F_{u} &= -C_D V_{sfc} \rho u_{z=0}, \\
F_{\theta}    &= -C_D V_{sfc} \rho (T_{z=0} - T_{sfc}), \\
F_{q_v}       &= -C_D V_{sfc} \rho (q_{vz=0} - q_{sfc}) \nonumber \\
              &= -C_D V_{sfc} \rho \left(q_{vz=0} - \frac{M_v}{M_d}\frac{e_{sfc}}{p_{sfc}}
               \right)
\end{align}
������,~$C_D = 0.0015$~�̓o���N�W��,~$e$ �͖O�a���C���ł���,~���t���Y����``$_{z=0}$"~�͑�C�ŉ��w�̒l���Ӗ���,~���t���Y��
��``$_{sfc}$"~�ŊC�\�ʂ̒l��\��.~�܂�,~�C�\�ʕ���$V_{sfc}$ ��
\[
V_{sfc} = \sqrt{u^2 + v_0^2}
\]
�ŕ\�����.~������$v_0 = 3$~[m/s]~�͕����̍Œ�l�ł���,~���������Ă��Ȃ��Ă����˂ɂ����M������Ƃ�����
�����I�Ȍ��ۂ��N���邱�Ƃ�ۏ؂���.

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\section{���˗�p}
���˗�p�Ɋւ��Ă�,~����~(1994)~�ɏ]��,~%
�v�Z���Ԃ̐ߖ�ƊȒP���̂���,~���ˉߒ��̌v�Z���s��Ȃ������
,~���˗�p�̌���$Q_{rad}$~��M�̎�~$\Deqref{netsunosiki}$~�̉E�ӂ�
body cooling �Ƃ��ē�������.~��̓I�ȕ\�����ȉ��Ɏ���.

$Q_{rad}$~��,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{housha}
Q_{rad} \equiv \frac{1}{\pi}Q_R + Q_N
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���.~������$Q_R$~��,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{QR}
Q_R(z) = \left \{
\begin{array}{lll}
0 & [\mathrm{\mathrm{K/day}}] & z > 15000~[\mathrm{\mathrm{m}}] \\
2(15000 - z)/5000 & [\mathrm{K/day}] & 10000~[\mathrm{m}]< z < 15000~[\mathrm{m}]\\
2 & [\mathrm{K/day}] & z < 10000~[\mathrm{m}]
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���,~���x�ɂ���ĕω����鐅����l�ȗ�p��\���Ă���.~�܂�,~$Q_N$~�̓j���[�g����p�ł���,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{QN}
Q_N = \frac{\theta'_{MeanX}}{D_N}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���.~������$\theta'_{MeanX}$~�͉��ʂ̏������$x$~�����ɕ��ς����l��,~%
$D_N = 1/5~[1/\mathrm{day}]$~��$Q_N$~�̋��x�ł���.~���̍���,~���f���S�̂̉��x����{�ꂩ��
�傫������Ȃ��悤�ɂ��鍀�ł���.
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\section{�_�������ߒ��̃p�����^���[�[�V����}
�_�����ߒ��̃p�����^���[�[�V�����͐��R�� (2009) �Ɠ������̂��̗p����.

�������n�Ɋ܂܂��Ïk�ɂ����M��$Q_{cnd}$,~������$Src.$,~������$Fall.$~�̕]����Kessler~(1969)~��
�p�����^���[�[�V�����ɏ]���čs���Ă���.

�g�����J�̃p�����^���[�[�V�����ł�,~�C���ƋÏk�����ȉ���3~�̃J�e�S���[�ɕ�����.

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\hline
�L�� & �Ӗ� & ���e \\ \hline
$q_v$ & �����C������ & �C�̂̏�Ԃő�C���ɑ��݂��鐅 \\ \hline
$q_c$ & �_�������� & �������x���[���ȗ��̗̂��q��,~���ۂ̑�C���̉_�� \\
 &  & �ɑΉ�����.~�ʏ� 100~$\mu \mathrm{m}$~�ȉ��̔����ȗ��̗��q�ł���. \\ \hline
$q_r$ & �J�������� & �L�ӂȗ������x�������̗��q��,~���ۂ̑�C���̉J�� \\
 &  & �ɑΉ�����. \\
\hline
\end{tabular} 
\end{center}

�l������������ߒ��͈ȉ��̒ʂ�ł���.~������,~�����̗ʂ͑S�Đ��̒l�Ƃ��Ē�`����,~�����C�����ډJ����
�Ì�����ߒ��͖�������Ă���.

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\hline
�L��  & ���e \\ \hline
$CN_{vc}$ & �Ì��ɂ�鐅���C����_���ւ̕ϊ�~(condensation). \\ \hline
$EV_{cv}$ & �����ɂ��_�����琅���C�ւ̕ϊ�~(evaporation).  \\ \hline
$EV_{rv}$ & �����ɂ��J�����琅���C�ւ̕ϊ�~(evaporation).  \\ \hline
$CN_{cr}$ & ���������ɂ��_������J���ւ̕ϊ�.~�����␅���C�g�U�ɂ��, \\
          & �_���q���J���̑傫���ɂ܂Ő�������~(autocondensation). \\ \hline
$CL_{cr}$ & �Փ˕����ɂ��_������J���ւ̕ϊ�.~�吅�H�������H���Փ˕������� \\
          & (collection). \\ \hline
$PR_{r}$  & �J���̏d�͗����ɔ����J��������̕ω���~(Precipitation). \\
\hline
\end{tabular} 
\end{center}

���̔������ߒ���p����,~$\Deqref{netsunosiki} - \Deqref{kongouhiqr}$~�����������ƈȉ��̂悤�ɂȂ�.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{netsunosiki-bibutsuri}
\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z} 
                                      \right) - w\frac{\partial \overline{\theta}}{\partial z} 
                                     + \frac{L}{C_{pd}\overline{\pi}}(CN_{vc} - EV_{cv} - EV_{rv})\nonumber \\
                                   &~~~~+ \frac{1}{\overline{\pi}}(Q_{rad} + Q_{dis}) + Turb.\overline{\theta} + Turb.\theta,\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqv-bibutsuri}
\frac{\partial q_v}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial q_v}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial q_v}{\partial z} \right)
                                   -w\frac{\partial \overline{q_v}}{\partial z} -(CN_{vc} - EV_{cv} - EV_{rv})\nonumber \\
                                &~~~~+ Turb.q_v + Turb.\overline{q_v},\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqc-bibutsuri}
\frac{\partial q_c}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial q_c}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial q_c}{\partial z} \right)
                                   + (CN_{vc} - EV_{cv} - CN_{cr} - CL_{cr}) + Turb.q_c,\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqr-bibutsuri}
\frac{\partial q_r}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial q_r}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial q_r}{\partial z} \right)
                                   + (CN_{cr} + CL_{cr} - EV_{rv}) + PR_{r} + Turb.q_r.
\end{align}
%%
%%
������,~$L$~�͐��̏����̐��M$[\mathrm{J~K}^{-1}~\mathrm{kg}^{-1}]$,~$C_{pd}$~�͊�����C��
�舳��M$[\mathrm{J~K}~\mathrm{kg}^{-1}]$~�ł���.
�e�������ߒ��͈ȉ��̂悤�ɒ莮������.

�����C�Ɖ_���̊Ԃ̕ϊ�:~$-CN_{vc} + EV_{cv}$

�_���͗���������,~�����C�Ƃ̊Ԃŏu�ԓI�ɖO�a���߂��N������̂Ƃ���.~���Ȃ킿,~�ڗ��Ȃǂ̍����v�Z�������
���x�Ɛ����C�ʂ��ߖO�a��ԂƂȂ��Ă���ꍇ�ɂ�,~���傤�ǖO�a�ɂȂ�ʂ̐����C���Ì�������.~���,~�ڗ��Ȃǂ�
�����v�Z�������,~�_�������݂���ɂ�������炸���O�a�ɂȂ��Ă���ꏊ�ł͂��傤�ǖO�a�ɂȂ�ʂ̉_��������������.

�_���̕�������:~$CN_{cr}$

Kessler~(1969)~�ɏ]����,~�ȉ��̂悤�ɗ^����.
\begin{equation}
CN_{cr} = (q_c - q_{c0})/\tau_{ac}.
\end{equation}
������, $q_{c0} = 1 \times 10^{-3}$~kg/kg~�͕��������𐶂���ՊE������,~$\tau_{ac} = 1000$~sec~�͕��������̎��Ԃł���.

�_���̏Փ˕���:~$CL_{cr}$

\begin{equation}
CL_{cr} = 2.2 q_c (\overline{\rho}q_r)^{0.875}.
\end{equation}
������,~$\overline{\rho}$ �͕��ς̑�C���x�ł���.

�J���̏���:~$EV_{rv}$

\begin{equation}
EV_{rv} = 4.85 \times 10^{-2} (q_{vsw} - q_v)(\overline{\rho}q_r)^{0.65}.
\end{equation}
������,~$q_{vsw}$ �͐����C�̖O�a������ł���.

�J���̃t���b�N�X:~$PR_{r}$

�J���̏d�͗����ɂ�鍬����̕ω�����,
\begin{equation}
PR_r = \frac{1}{\overline{\rho}}\frac{\partial}{\partial z}(\overline{\rho}U_r q_r)
\end{equation}
�ł���,~�J���̏I�[�������x$U_r~[\mathrm{m~s}^{-1}]$~��
\begin{equation}
U_r = 12.2(q_r)^{0.125}
\end{equation}
�ŗ^����.

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\section{���������̃p�����^���[�[�V����}
���������̃p�����^���[�[�V�����͐��R�� (2009) �Ɠ������̂��̗p����.

(1)~~�^�����������̊g�U��

Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)~�����,~CReSS~(�ؖ؂ƍ匴, 2001)~�Ɠ��l��,~1.5~���̃N���[�W���[
��p���邱�Ƃŉ^���ʂ̔S���g�U���͈ȉ��̂悤�ɏ�����.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{turbuw}
Turb.u_{i} &= -\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\overline{(u_i' u_j')}\nonumber \\
           &= -\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\biggl[
             -K_m \left( \frac{\partial u_i}{\partial x_j} + \frac{\partial u_j}{\partial x_i} \right)
              +\frac{2}{3}\delta_{ij}E\biggr].
\end{align}
%%
%%
������$K_m$~�͉^���ʂɑ΂��闐���g�U�W���ł���,~$E$~�̓T�u�O���b�h�X�P�[���̗����G�l���M�[
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{ranryuenergy}
E = \frac{1}{2}\overline{(u')^2 + (w')^2} = \frac{K_m^2}{C_m^2l^2}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���.~������,~$C_m = 0.2$,~��������$l = (\Delta x \Delta z)^{1/2}$~�Ƃ���.~�܂�,~$\Delta x,\Delta z$~�͂��ꂼ�ꐅ�������
�����i�q�Ԋu�ł���.

(2)~~�M�̎��̊g�U��

Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)~�����,~CReSS~(�ؖ؂ƍ匴, 2001)~�Ɠ��l��,~1.5~���̃N���[�W���[
��p���邱�Ƃŉ��ʂ̔S���g�U���͈ȉ��̂悤�ɏ�����.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{turboni}
Turb.\theta &= -\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\overline{(u_j' \theta')}\nonumber \\
           &= -\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\left(
              K_h \frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x_j}\right).
\end{align}
%%
%%
������$K_h$~�͉��ʂɑ΂��闐���g�U�W���ł���.

(3)~~�����G�l���M�[�̎�

Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)~�����,~CReSS~(�ؖ؂ƍ匴, 2001)~�Ɠ��l��,~1.5~���̃N���[�W���[
��p���邱�Ƃ�,~�����G�l���M�[�̎��Ԕ��W�������͈ȉ��̂悤�ɏ�����.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial z}\right)
                                   -\frac{3g C_m^2 l^2}{2 \overline{\theta_v}}\left(\frac{\partial \theta_{el}}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
                              &~~~~+ (C_m^2 l^2)\biggl[\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)^2 + 
                                   \left(\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}\right)^2 \biggr]\nonumber \\
                              &~~~~+ \frac{C_m^2 l^2}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial w}{\partial x}\right)^2
                                   - \frac{K_m}{3}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w}{\partial z}\right)\nonumber \\
                              &~~~~\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial^2 K_m^2}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 K_m^2}{\partial z^2}\right)
                                   + \left(\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial x}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial z}\right)^2 \nonumber \\
                              &~~~~-\frac{1}{2l^2}K_m^2.
\end{align}
%%
%%
$\theta_{el}$~�͈ȉ��̂悤�ɒ�`����.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\theta_{el} &= \overline{\theta_v} + \theta_v'~~~~(for~q_c = 0),\\
\theta_{el} &= \overline{\theta_v} + \theta_v'+\frac{\Sigma Lq_v}{C_{pd}\overline{\pi}}~~~~(for~q_c > 0).
\end{align} 
%%
%%
������,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\overline{\theta_v} + \theta_v' = \overline{\theta_v}\biggl\{
1 + \frac{\theta}{\overline{\theta}} + \frac{\Sigma q_v / M_v}{1/M_d + \Sigma \overline{q_v}/M_v}
                                 - \frac{\Sigma q_v + \Sigma q_c + \Sigma q_r}{1 + \Sigma \overline{q_v}}\biggr\}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���.

(4)~~�U����M���̕\��

�U����M��$Q_{dis}$~��,~�����G�l���M�[�̎U�퍀�����Ƃ�,~�ȉ��̂悤�ɗ^����.
\begin{equation}
Q_{dis} = \frac{1}{\overline{C_p}}\frac{C_{\varepsilon}}{l} \frac{K_m^3}{(C_m l)^3}
\end{equation}
������,~$C_{\varepsilon} = 0.2$,~$l = (\Delta x \Delta z)^{1/2}$~�ł���.

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%\subsection{���������̃p�����^���[�[�V����}
%(1)~~�^�����������̊g�U��
%
%Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)~�����,~CReSS~(�ؖ؂ƍ匴, 2001)~�Ɠ��l��,~1.5~���̃N���[�W���[
%��p���邱�Ƃŉ^���ʂ̔S���g�U���͈ȉ��̂悤�ɏ�����.
%%
%%
%\begin{align}
%\Deqlab{turbuw}
%Turb.u_{i} &= -\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\overline{(u_i' u_j')}\nonumber \\
%          &= -\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\biggl[
%              -K_m \left( \frac{\partial u_i}{\partial x_j} + \frac{\partial u_j}{\partial x_i} \right)
%              +\frac{2}{3}\delta_{ij}E\biggr].
%\end{align}
%%
%%
%������$K_m$~�͉^���ʂɑ΂��闐���g�U�W���ł���,~$E$~�̓T�u�O���b�h�X�P�[���̗����G�l���M�[
%%
%%
%\begin{equation}
%\Deqlab{ranryuenergy}
%E = \frac{1}{2}\overline{(u')^2 + (w')^2} = \frac{K_m^2}{C_m^2l^2}
%\end{equation}
%%
%%
%�ł���.
%
%(2)~~�M�̎��̊g�U��
%
%Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)~�����,~CReSS~(�ؖ؂ƍ匴, 2001)~�Ɠ��l��,~1.5~���̃N���[�W���[
%��p���邱�Ƃŉ��ʂ̔S���g�U���͈ȉ��̂悤�ɏ�����.
%%
%%
%\begin{align}
%\Deqlab{turboni}
%Turb.\theta &= -\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\overline{(u_j' \theta')}\nonumber \\
%           &= -\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\left(
%              K_h \frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x_j}\right).
%\end{align}
%%
%%
%������$K_h$~�͉��ʂɑ΂��闐���g�U�W���ł���.
%
%(3)~~�����G�l���M�[�̎�
%
%Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)~�����,~CReSS~(�ؖ؂ƍ匴, 2001)~�Ɠ��l��,~1.5~���̃N���[�W���[
%��p���邱�Ƃ�,~�����G�l���M�[�̎��Ԕ��W�������͈ȉ��̂悤�ɏ�����.
%
%\begin{align}
%\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial z}\right)
%                                   -\frac{3g C_m^2 l^2}{2 \overline{\theta_v}}\left(\frac{\partial \theta_{el}}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
%                              &~~~~+ (C_m^2 l^2)\biggl[\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)^2 + 
%                                   \left(\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}\right)^2 \biggr]\nonumber \\
%                              &~~~~+ \frac{C_m^2 l^2}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial w}{\partial x}\right)^2
%                                   - \frac{K_m}{3}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w}{\partial z}\right)\nonumber \\
%                              &~~~~\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial^2 K_m^2}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 K_m^2}{\partial z^2}\right)
%                                   + \left(\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial x}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\partial K_m}{\partial z}\right)^2 \nonumber \\
%                              &~~~~-\frac{1}{2l^2}K_m^2.
%\end{align}
%%
%%
%������,~$C_m = 0.2$,~��������$l = (\Delta x \Delta z)^{1/2}$~�Ƃ���.~������,~$\Delta x,\Delta z$~�͂��ꂼ�ꐅ�������
%�����i�q�Ԋu�ł���.~$\theta_{el}$~�͈ȉ��̂悤�ɒ�`����.
%%
%%
%\begin{align}
%\theta_{el} &= \overline{\theta_v} + \theta_v'~~~~(for q_c = 0),\\
%\theta_{el} &= \overline{\theta_v} + \theta_v'+\frac{\Sigma Lq_v}{C_{pd}\overline{\pi}}~~~~(for q_c > 0).
%\end{align} 
%%
%%
%������,
%%
%%
%\begin{equation}
%\overline{\theta_v} + \theta_v' = \overline{\theta_v}\biggl\{
%1 + \frac{\theta}{\overline{\theta}} + \frac{\Sigma q_v / M_v}{1/M_d + \Sigma \overline{q_v}/M_v}
%                                 - \frac{\Sigma q_v + \Sigma q_c + \Sigma q_r}{1 + \Sigma \overline{q_v}}\biggr\}
%\end{equation}
%%
%%
%�ł���.
%
%(4)~~�U����M���̕\��
%
%%�U����M��$Q_{dis}$~��,~�����G�l���M�[�̎U�퍀�����Ƃ�,~�ȉ��̂悤�ɗ^����.
%\begin{equation}
%Q_{dis} = \frac{1}{\overline{C_p}}\frac{C_{\varepsilon}}{l} \frac{K_m^3}{(C_m l)^3}
%\end{equation}
%������,~$C_{\varepsilon} = 0.2$,~$l = (\Delta x \Delta z)^{1/2}$~�ł���.
%
\section{�����̉��x$\cdot$���x$\cdot$�C��}
�{�����Őݒ肵�������̉��x$\cdot$���x$\cdot$�C���̉������z�͈ȉ��̂悤�ɂ��ė^����.
$\\[-3.0em]$
\begin{itemize}
\item[(1)] �����ɗ^���鉷�x�Ƒ��Ύ��x�̉������z��,~Yamasaki (1983)~�ł��p����ꂽGATE~�ɂ��
�ϑ��l���g�p����.~�Ȃ�,~��̓I�Ȓl��Appendix~C~�ɋL����.
\item[(2)] ��L�̉��x�Ƒ��Ύ��x�̉������z��,~�����C�̕��q�ʂ��l�������Ð������t�̎�~$\Deqref{kihonbakiatsu}$~%
���珉���̋C�������߂�.~�܂�,~���f�����ł͑��Ύ��x�͍�����ɕϊ����ėp���Ă���.
\end{itemize}
$\\[-3.0em]$
�}2.1 �͏�L�̂悤�ɂ��ē���ꂽ���x$\cdot$���x$\cdot$�C���̏������\��.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%��{��̊G%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, �E, ��, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[����:~���x\mbox{[}K\mbox{]},~�c��:~���x\mbox{[}km\mbox{]}.]{% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.4cm,angle=90,trim= 140 110 100 100,clip]{basictemp.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[����:~���Ύ��x\mbox{[}\%\mbox{]},~�c��:~���x\mbox{[}km\mbox{]}.]{% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.4cm,angle=90,trim= 140 110 100 100,clip]{basichumidity.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[����:~����\mbox{[}$10^4$~Pa\mbox{]},~�c��:~���x\mbox{[}km\mbox{]}.]{% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.4cm,angle=90,trim= 140 110 100 100,clip]{basicpress.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[����: �����C������\mbox{[}$10^{-3}$ kg/kg\mbox{]}, �c��: ���x\mbox{[}km\mbox{]}.]{% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.4cm,angle=90,trim= 140 110 100 100,clip]{basicmixrt.eps}
  }
  \caption{(a):~�����̉��x�̉������z,~(b):~�����̎��x�̉������z,~%
(c):~�����̈��͂̉������z, (d):~�����̐����C������̉������z.}
  \label{fig:Pedlosky-1987}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\section{���U���̊T�v}
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\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6cm,angle=90,trim= 0 100 0 0,clip]{grid.eps}
\caption{\footnotesize{�i�q�_�̔z�u (���R��, 2006).}}
\label{fig:���U��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
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���U���͐��R (2006) �Ɠ������@���̗p���Ă���,~�����ł͂��̊T�v���ȒP�ɐ�������.~�{���f���ɂ�����i�q�_�̔z�u���@��
,~����������Arakawa C �O���b�h,~���������ɂ� Lorenz �O���b�h��p���Ă���,~�}\ref{fig:���U��} �Ɏ���.~�}�ɂ���悤�ɑS�ẴX�J���[��
�͊i�q�_�̒��S�ɔz�u����.~�x�N�g���ʂɂ��Ă�,~$x$ �����̃x�N�g���ʂ͐��������ɔ��i�q���炵,~���������ɂ̓X�J���[�ʂ�
�����Ƃ��Ă���.~�܂�, $z$~�����̃x�N�g���ʂ͉��������ɔ��i�q���炵,~���������ɂ̓X�J���[�ʂƓ����Ƃ��Ă���.

��Ԃ̗��U����, 2 �����x�܂���4 �����x�̒��S������p���čs��.~���Ԑϕ��ɂ̓��[�h�ʎ��ԕ����@��p��, ���g�ƋÌ��Ɋւ���
���͒Z�����ԃX�e�b�v�ŕ]����, ���̑��̍��͒������ԃX�e�b�v�ŕ]�����Ă���. �����Ď��ԕ����̗��U���ɂ��Ă�
���̂悤�ȕ��@���Ƃ��Ă���.~���g�֘A���̗��U���ɂ�HE-VI �@��p��,~���������̉^���������͑O�i����,~����������
�^������������ш��͕������͌�ލ��� (�N�����N$\cdot$�j�R���\���@) �ŕ]������.
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\chapter{���f���̃e�X�g�v�Z}
\markright{���f���̃e�X�g�v�Z}
�{�͂ł�,~�{�����ŗp�������l���f���̒n�������肵���v�Z�ɂ��鐳�������m���߂邽�߂ɍs�����e�X�g�v�Z���ʂ�����.~%
�e�X�g�v�Z�ł�,~Takemi (2006) �̍Č��v�Z�𕔕��I�ɍs��,~Takemi (2006) �Ƒ�܂��Ɍ��ʂ���v���邱�Ƃ�ړI�Ƃ���.
\section{Takemi (2006) �̊T�v}
\subsection{�v�|}
Takemi (2006) �ł�,~���̃v���t�@�C�����l�X�ł���C���Ŕ��B����X�R�[�����C���ɂ���,~���x$\cdot$���x$\cdot$�����̃V�A�[
�Ƃ��������̃v���t�@�C���ɑ΂���X�R�[�����C�����x�̊��x�����ׂ��Ă���.~%
Takemi (2006) �ōs��ꂽ���l�����ł�,~���ܓx�̗���ƔM�т̊C������肵�����x�̓�̉����v���t�@�C���ɑ΂���,~�l�X
�Ȏ��x�̉����v���t�@�C���ƕ����̃V�A�[���^�����Ă���.

\subsection{Takemi (2006) �̔w�i}
�X�R�[�����C���̔��B�@�\�Ɋւ��Ă͎��̂悤�Ȑ�s����������.~�܂�,~Rotunno et al. (1988), Weisman et al. (1988), %
Fovell and Ogura (1989), Robe and Emanuel (2001), Weisman and Rotunno (2004) �ł�,~�����V�A�[�̂��镗�ƃ��\�~���n�̔��B��
�����`�������,~��C�v�[���̑��ݍ�p�ɂ��X�R�[�����C���̔��B�@�\�̌��������ꂽ.~���̌����ɂ����,~��C�v�[���̌����Ȃǂ�
�\����,~�����V�A�[�̂��镗�̃o�����X����X�R�[�����C���̔��B�̓x�����Ɋ�^���邱�Ƃ������ꂽ.~�܂�,~���͂ł�����������,~%
�M�͊w�I�ϓ_����X�R�[�����C���̔��B�ɂ��Đ��X�̌��������ꂽ.~(�M�т�����: LeMone et al., 1988, ���M�т�����: %
Wang et al., 1990, ���ܓx�A�����J������: Bluestein and Jain, 1985, ���{������: Chuda and Niino, 2005).~%
�܂�Takemi (2006) �ł͒��ܓx�����肵�����x���,~�l�X�Ȏ��x��Ɖ����V�A�[�̂��镗��ݒ肵���X�R�[�����C�����x�̊��x����
���s��ꂽ.~�ȏ�̐�s������ʂ���,~Takemi (2006) �ł͈قȂ鉷�x��ł̃X�R�[�����C�����x�̊��x�������ʂ̌���$\cdot$��r��
�c���Ă���Ƃ�,~��̉��x��Ɨl�X�Ȏ��x��,~�����V�A�[�̂��镗��p�����X�R�[�����C�����x�̊��x�������s��ꂽ.

\section{Takemi (2006) �̐��l�v�Z�̐ݒ�}
Takemi (2006) �ōs��ꂽ���l�v�Z�̐ݒ���ȉ��ɋL��.
%
%
\begin{itemize}
\item ���l���f��: Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) ���f���̃o�[�W���� 1.3 (Skamarock et al., 2001).~�����3~�����̊��S���k�������n��p���Ă���.
\item ���E����: ���������͊J�������E��,~���������͌Œ苫�E (��[) �Ƃ��ׂ�Ȃ����� (���[).
\item �_�����ߒ�: Kessler, (1969) �̒g�����J�̃o���N�p�����^���[�[�V������,~Lin et al. (1983) �̕X���X�L�[��.
\item �����ߒ�: �R���I����,~�n�\�ʉߒ�,~���ˉߒ��͖���.
\item �����ߒ�: Klemp and Wilhemson (1978) ��1.5~���̃T�u�O���b�h�X�P�[���̗������f��.
\item �v�Z�̈�: (���ܓx��): ���� ($x$) 450 km, ����($y$) 160 km, ����($z$) 18 km.
\item �v�Z�̈�: (�M�я�): ���� ($x$) 450 km, ����($y$) 40 km, ����($z$) 18 km.
\item �i�q�Ԋu: ����($x,y$): 1 km, ����($z$): 500 m (�M�я�̉��w�� 125 m).
\item �ϕ�����: 6~����.
\item ��������: $x$ ���� 20 km, $z$ ������ 3 km �̑傫����, y ���ɕ��s�ȃ��C���T�[�}�������x300 m �ɒu��.~�T�[�}���̒��S��1.5~K �Ƃ�,~%
                ���K���z�����Ă���.~�܂�,~���C���T�[�}���ɉ����ĐU��0.1 K �̃����_���ȏ�����z������.
\end{itemize}
\clearpage
\section{Takemi (2006) �̊�{��̐���}
%
\begin{figure}[h] %
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{���ʂ̊�{��}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=90,trim= 0 110 0 100,clip]{TakemiTemp.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{�M�я�̎��x�̊�{��}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 10 132 40 50,clip]{TakemiTropicRH.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{���ܓx��̎��x�̊�{��}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=90,trim= 22 50 42 50,clip]{TakemiMidRH.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{�����V�A�[�̂��镗�̃v���t�@�C��}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 50 135 40 120,clip]{TakemiVel.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{Takemi (2006) �ŗp����ꂽ��{��̉��ʂƎ��x�̉����v���t�@�C���Ɖ����V�A�[�̂��镗�̃v���t�@�C��.~(a) ��{���
���ʂ̉����v���t�@�C��.~%
�v�Z�ɗp����ꂽ�͎̂����̒��ܓx�� (MIDLAT) �Ɣj���̔M�я� (TROPICS) �ł���.~USSTD+15 �̓A�����J�W����C,~OBS-TROPICS %
�͔M�тŊϑ����ꂽ���x�̉����v���t�@�C�����Ӗ�����.~(b)~�M�я�ɗ^�����{��̎��x�̉����v���t�@�C��.~%
(c) ���ܓx��ɗ^�����{��̎��x�̉����v���t�@�C��.~(d) �����V�A�[�̂��镗�̃v���t�@�C��.~�V�A�[��^���鍂�x�ɂ�3~�p�^�[������,~%
���x0�`2.5 km,~���x2.5�`5.0 km, ���x5.0�`7.5 km �ł���.~$U_s$~�̓V�A�[�̂��镗�̍ő啗���ł���.}}
  \label{fig:Pedlosky-1987}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%
%
������,~Takemi (2006) �̊�{��ɂ��Đ�������.~�Ȃ�,~����ȍ~�͒��ܓx�̉��x������肵���ꍇ�𒆈ܓx��,~�M�т̉��x���
���肵���ꍇ��M�я�ƌĂԂ��Ƃɂ���.~�}3.1(a)~��Takemi (2006) �ŗp����ꂽ��{��̉��ʂ�
�����v���t�@�C��$\overline{\theta}(z)$~�������Ă���,~�����ŕ`���ꂽMIDLAT �͒��ܓx����Ӗ���,~�j���ŕ`����
��TROPICS~���M�я���Ӗ�����.~���̃v���t�@�C����,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{TakemiTemp}
\overline{\theta} (z)= \left \{
\begin{array}{ll}
\theta_0 + (\theta_{tr} - \theta_0) \left( \displaystyle \frac{z}{z_{tr}}\right)^{5/4}& z \leq z_{tr} \\
\theta_0 \exp \biggl[ \displaystyle \frac{g}{C_p T_{tr}} (z - z_{tr}) \biggr] & z > z_{tr} \\
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ŕ\�����~(Weisman and Klemp, 1982).~������,~$\theta_0 = 300$~K~�͒n�\�ʂ̉���,~$\theta_{tr}$~�͑Η����E�ʂł̉���,~$C_p$~�͒舳��M,~%
$z_{tr} = 12$~km~�͑Η����E�ʍ��x,~$T_{tr}$~�͑Η����E�ʂł̉��x�ł���.~���ܓx��ƔM�я��,~���ꂼ��
$\theta_{tr} = 343$~K,~$\theta_{tr} = 358$~K~�Ƃ��邱�Ƃŋ�ʂ����.~%
����Ő}3.1(b),(c)~�Ŏ������,~��{��̎��x�̉����v���t�@�C��$RH(z)$~��,~�n�\�ʂ��獂�x1.5~km~�܂ł͈��̐����C�����䂪�^�����,~%
10, 12, 14, 16, 18 g/kg~�Ƃ����l��^���Ă���.~�Ȃ����̐�����,~�}3.1(b),(c)~���̃��x���ɏ����ꂽ�����ɑΉ����Ă���,~%
����ȍ~�̓��x���̕\�L�ɏ]�� (�Ⴆ�Ή��w�̎��x��10 g/kg �Ȃ��Q10 �ƕ\��).~%
������,~���x1.5~km~�ȏ�ł�,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{TakemiRH}
RH (z)= \left \{
\begin{array}{ll}
1 - 0.75 \left( \displaystyle \frac{z}{z_{tr}}\right )^{5/4}& z \leq z_{tr} \\
0.25 & z > z_{tr} \\
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ŗ^������~(Weisman and Klemp, 1982).~�}3.1~(d) �ł͉����V�A�[�̂��镗�̌`��������Ă���.~�}����$U_s$~�͒��ܓx��ƔM�я��
�قȂ�l��^���Ă���,~���ܓx��ł�$U_s = 0,10,20$~m/s,~�M�я�ł�$U_s = 0,5,15$~m/s~�ł���.

\section{�e�X�g�v�Z���ʂƋc�_}
�e�X�g�v�Z�ł�,~Takemi (2006) �ŉ_�̊O�`,~�~����,~��C�v�[�����������ۂ̌v�Z�̍Č����s����.~�s�����v�Z�ݒ���ȉ��Ɏ���.
%%
%%
\begin{itemize}
\item[I] ���ܓx��,~���xQ14,~$U_s = 0,10,20$~m/s~�ō��x0�`2.5~km~�ɃV�A�[��^����.
\item[II] �M�я�,~���xQ18,~$U_s = 0,5,15$~m/s~�ō��x0�`2.5~km~�ɃV�A�[��^����.
\item[III] ���ܓx��,~���xQ14,~$U_s = 10,20$~m/s~�ō��x2.5�`5.0~km~�ɃV�A�[��^����.
\item[IV] �M�я�,~���xQ18,~$U_s = 5,15$~m/s~�ō��x2.5�`5.0~km~�ɃV�A�[��^����.
\end{itemize}
%%
%%
�܂�,~�e�X�g�v�Z���̖{���f���̌v�Z�ݒ�͈ȉ��̂悤�ɂ���.
%%
%%
\begin{itemize}
\item ���l���f��: deepconv arare4.~2~�����̏����k�������n���g�p.
\item ���E����: ���������͎������E��,~���������͌Œ苫�E (��[) �Ƃ��ׂ�Ȃ����� (���[).
\item �_�����ߒ�: Kessler (1969) �̒g�����J�̃o���N�p�����^���[�[�V����.
\item �����ߒ�: �R���I����,~�n�\�ʉߒ�,~���ˉߒ��͖���.
\item �����ߒ�: Klemp and Wilhemson (1978) ��1.5~���̃T�u�O���b�h�X�P�[���̗������f��.
\item �v�Z�̈�: ���ܓx��ƔM�я�łƂ��ɐ��� ($x$) 450 km, ����($z$) 18 km.
\item �i�q�Ԋu: ����($x,y$): 1 km, ����($z$): 500 m.
\item �ϕ�����: 6~����.
\item ��������: ���S��1.5~K~��$x$ ���� 20 km, $z$ ������ 3 km �̑傫���Ő��K���z�������T�[�}��.
\end{itemize}
%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-10pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
%\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[h] %���E�㍶
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{���ܓx��,~���xQ14~�ł̌v�Z.~��i: Takemi (2006).~���i: deepconv.}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=90,trim= 0 0 0 0,clip]{Takemi-1.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{�M�я�,~���xQ18~�ł̌v�Z.~��i: Takemi (2006).~���i: deepconv.}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=90,trim= 0 0 0 0,clip]{Takemi-2.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{(a) �v�Z�ݒ�I �̉��ŕ`���ꂽ�_�̊O�`,~�~����,~��C�v�[���̐}.~�E���珇��$U_s = 0,10,20$~m/s~�ł̌��ʂ�����.~%
(b) �v�Z�ݒ�II~�̉��ŕ`���ꂽ�_�̊O�`,~�~����,~��C�v�[���̐}.~$U_s = 0,5,15$~m/s~�ł̌��ʂ�����.~deepconv �ɂ��}�̉����ɂ�����
�͐����̈�̃X�P�[����\��.}}
  \label{fig:Pedlosky-1987}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%
%%
\begin{figure}[h] %���E�㍶
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{���ܓx��,~���xQ14.~��i: Takemi (2006).~���i: deepconv.}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=90,trim= 0 0 0 0,clip]{Takemi-3.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[\scriptsize{�M�я�,~���xQ18.~��i: Takemi (2006).~���i: deepconv.}]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=90,trim= 0 0 0 0,clip]{Takemi-4.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{(a) �v�Z�ݒ�III~�̉��ŕ`���ꂽ�_�̊O�`,~�~����,~��C�v�[���̐}.~$U_s = 10,20$~m/s~�̌��ʂ�����.~%
(b) �v�Z�ݒ�IV~�̉��ŕ`���ꂽ�_�̊O�`,~�~����,~��C�v�[���̐}.~$U_s = 5,15$~m/s~�̌��ʂ�����.~deepconv �̐}�̉����ɂ�����
�͐����̈�̃X�P�[����\��.}}
  \label{fig:Pedlosky-1987}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}

�}3.2(a),(b),~�}3.3(a),(b)~�ł͊e�}�̏�i�Ɖ��i�ɂ��ꂼ��Takemi (2006) ��deepconv �Ōv�Z���ꂽ�_�̊O�`,~�~����,~��C�v�[���������Ă���.~%
�����̐}�͌v�Z�J�n����4~���Ԍ�̃X�i�b�v�V���b�g�ł���.~������,~�_�̊O�`��
�_���ƉJ���̑��ʂ�0.1 g/kg �ȏ㑶�݂���̈�̊O�`,~�~����͉J����0.1 g/kg �ȏ㑶�݂���̈�,~��C�v�[����-1 K �ȏ��
���ʏ������n�\�t�߂̗̈�ƒ�`���Ă���.~�}3.2,~�}3.3~�ŗp�����Ă���R���^�[���ɂ��Đ�������.~�܂�,~Takemi (2006) ��
�}�ł�,~�_�̊O�`�������ŕ\��,~�~����͉e�t�̗̈�ŕ\���Ă���,~�Z���e��1 g/kg �ȏ�̉J�������݂���̈��,~�����e��0.1 g/kg ��
��̉J�������݂���̈������.~�܂�,~�j������C�v�[��������.~����deepconv �ɂ��}�ł�,~�_�̊O�`�𔒂��̈�ŕ\��,~�~�����
���F����уI�����W�F�̗̈�ŕ\���Ă���,~�I�����W�̗̈��1 g/kg �ȏ�̉J�������݂���̈��,~���F���̈��0.1 g/kg ��
��̉J�������݂���̈������.~�܂�,~���F�̗̈悪��C�v�[����\���Ă���.~�Ȃ�,~deepconv �̐}��,~�_�̊O�`,~�~����,~��C�v�[��
�����ꂼ��`�悵����ɏd�˂����̂̂���,~�G���d�Ȃ��Ă��镔���̗��ɂ͕ʂ̊G�����邱�Ƃɒ��ӂ��ꂽ�� (�Ⴆ��,~���w�̉_�̊O�`
��, ��ɏd�˂�ꂽ�~���悪�\���Ă���).

�}3.2,~�}3.3~�̏�i�ɕ\����Ă���Takemi (2006) �̐}���玟�̂悤�Ȃ��Ƃ������ꂽ.~(a) ���ܓx��͔M�я�����Η��s����ł��邽��,~�_�����x��
���ܓx�̑Η��n�̂ق�������.~(b)~���ܓx��ł̌v�Z�������}3.2(a),~�}3.3(a)~�̂ق���������C�v�[�����`�����ꂽ.~%
(c) ���ܓx��ł�$U_s$~���傫���Ȃ�قǉ_�n���������Ă����X��������, �_�n�����B���Ă���.~(d) �M�я�ł�
$U_s = 5 $~m/s~�̎��ɍł��_�n�����B��,~�}3.2(b)~��$U_s = 0 $~m/s~�ł̌v�Z��,~�}3.3(b)~�̌v�Z�ł̓X�R�[�����C���͌`�������
������.

�ȏ�𓥂܂���deepconv �ɂ��e�X�g�v�Z���ʂ�����Ǝ��̂悤�Ȃ��Ƃ�������.~(a) �S�̂Ƃ���,~���ܓx��̕����_�����x
�������Ȃ�X���������, ��C�̈���x�𔽉f�ł��Ă��邱�Ƃ���������Ǝv����.
(b) ���ܓx��ł̌v�Z�������}3.2(a),~�}3.3(a)~%
�ł�1�`2~km~�̌�����C�v�[���������,~�M�я�ł̌v�Z�������}3.2(b),~�}3.3(b)~�ł�1~km �����̔�����C�v�[��������ꂽ.~%
����͉��w����芣�����Ă��邽��,~�J�̏����ɂ���p���ʂ����܂������Ƃ𔽉f�����Ǝv����.~%
(c) ���ܓx��ɂ�����$U_s$~���傫���Ȃ�قǉ_�n���������Ă����X����,~���~����̊g��Ƃ������_�n�̔��B������ꂽ��,~���̌X����
�M�я�ł�����ꂽ.~%
(d) Takemi (2006) �Ƃ͈قȂ�,~%
$U_s$~�̒l����уV�A�[��^���鍂�x�Ɋւ�炸,~�M�я�ł̉_�n�̔��B������ꂽ.

���̂悤��,~Takemi (2006) �Ƒ�؂Ō��ʂ͈�v���Ă���Ǝv����.~Takemi (2006) ��deepconv �ő���_�����������R�Ƃ��Ă�,~%
���҂̌v�Z�ݒ������΂킩��悤��,~�����_�����ߒ��̈Ⴂ,~�������n����ю����̈Ⴂ�Ȃǂ����邩�炾�Ǝv����.~����,~%
�_�̌`���ߒ����x�z����_�����ߒ��̈Ⴂ�ɂ��Ƃ��낪�傫���̂ł͂Ȃ����낤��.~�܂�,~Takemi (2006) �ł͔M�я�ɂ����ăX�R�[�����C��
�����B���ɂ������Ƃ�����ꂽ��,~�}3.2, �}3.3 ��Takemi (2006) �ɂ��}��$y$~�����ɕ��ς������̂ł���,~����ɐω_�Η��������ɂ�������
���Ƃ�������,~�X�̐ω_�Η��͂���Ȃ�ɐ����Ă����\���͂���.~�����,~���ʂ����S�ɍČ������킯�ł͂Ȃ���,~%
�Ó��ȈႢ�ł���,~�n�������肵���v�Z�����邽�߂̐��l���f���̊J���ɂ͐������Ă���ƌ�����ł��낤.

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\chapter{�����ݒ�}
\markright{�����ݒ�}
\section{�v�Z�ݒ�}
�{�_���ɂ�����v�Z�ݒ�͈ȉ��̂悤�ɂ���.
\begin{itemize}
\item �v�Z�̈�: $(x,z) = $(512 km,30~km).
\item �i�q�Ԋu: $(\Delta x, \Delta z) = $(500 m,250 m).
\item ���ԃX�e�b�v: ($\Delta t, \Delta \tau$) = (5 sec,0.5 sec)
\item �ϕ�����: 216000 sec (60 hour).
\item ��������: ���x300 m �Ƀ����_���ȏ��^����.~�{�����ł�,~������̐U��0.3 K ��W�������Ƃ��Ă���.
\item �����ߒ�I: �^����$\cdot$�M$\cdot$�����C�̒n�\�ʃt���b�N�X���l������.
\item �����ߒ�II: ���˗�p�ߒ��͒��ڌv�Z���Ȃ���,~���̌��ʂ�M�̎��Ɋ܂߂Ă���.
\end{itemize}
������, $\Delta t, \Delta \tau$ �͂��ꂼ��2.7 �߂Ő��������������ԃX�e�b�v�ƒZ�����ԃX�e�b�v�ł���.

\section{�����ݒ�}
�����ݒ�ɂ��Đ�������.~��ɏq�ׂ��悤��,~�{�_���ł͑�C�̎��x�ɑ΂���Η��̔��B�̊��x
�����؂���.~������,~�l�X�ȍ��x�Ɏ��x�[���̊��������w��^����������s����.~�����̗^�����͈ȉ��̓�ʂ�
�ł���.
\begin{itemize}
\item ���̍��x�ȏ�őS��̑�C���x�̊�{����[���ɂ���.
\item ���̍��x�ȏ�Ő����̈�̔��� ($x$=0 km�`256 km) �̑�C���x�̏�������[���ɂ���.
\end{itemize}
��L�̂悤�Ȑݒ��^�����ꍇ�̑�C���x�̊�{��y�я�����̕��z�̗��}4.1 �Ɏ����Ă���.~%
���̂悤�Ȏ����ݒ��^���邱�Ƃ�,~��C���x���̊��������w�̉_�Η��̔��B�ւ̉e��������邱�Ƃ����҂���.~%

\begin{figure}[h] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.7cm,angle=90,trim= 150 150 80 150,clip]{vaporbasic.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.7cm,angle=90,trim= 150 150 80 150,clip]{DH3A03-vaporbasic.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=3.7cm,angle=90,trim= 150 150 80 150,clip]{DH3-vaporbasic.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{(a) ������^���Ă��Ȃ��ꍇ�̐����C������̕��z. ����͊�{��Ə�����̗�����\��. (b) ���x 3 km �ȏ�̑S��̑�C���x��
��{����[���ɂ��Ċ��������w��^�����ꍇ�̐����C������̊�{��. (c) ���x 3 km �ȏ�̔���̑�C���x�̏�����[����
���Ċ��������w��^�����ꍇ�̐����C������̏�����. �e�}�̐����C������ʂ̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], �c����$z$ [$\times 10^3$ m], ����
��$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:Pedlosky-1987}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{�C�ӂ̍��x�ȏ�őS�̈�������������v�Z}
�C�ӂ̍��x�ȏ�őS�̈�������������v�Z�̎����p�����[�^�̑g��\4.1~�Ɏ���.~�\�ɏ����ꂽ�悤��,~%
����ȍ~�͎��x���[���ɂ��鍂�x�̉�����
DH~�ƌĂ�,~A$_0$ �͏�����̐U���̊�l��0.3 K �Ƃ���.~%
�܂�,~�\���ɏ����ꂽDHxAx~�͊e���������������Ƃɂ���.~�Ȃ�,~�������̏�����Ă��Ȃ�
�v�Z�ɂ��Ă͋����̂Ȃ����̂Ƃ��čs���Ă��Ȃ�.~%

\begingroup
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.6}
\begin{table}[t]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0.7}[0.7]{
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\backslashbox[70pt]{DH}{�U��}& 0.1A$_0$ = 0.03 [K] & 0.3A$_0$ = 0.09 [K] & A$_0$ = 0.3 [K]  & 3A$_0$ = 0.9 [K]  & 10A$_0$ = 3.0 [K] \\ \hline
%\backslashbox[70pt]{DH}{�U��}& A = 0.03 [K] & A = 0.09 [K] & A = 0.3 [K] & A = 0.9 [K] & A = 3.0 [K] \\ \hline
DH = 8 [km] & &&&& DH8A30      \\ \hline
DH = 7 [km] & DH7A003      & DH7A009      & DH7A03      & DH7A09      & DH7A30      \\ \hline
DH = 6 [km] & DH6A003      & DH6A009      & DH6A03      & DH6A09      & DH6A30      \\ \hline
DH = 5 [km] & DH5A003      & DH5A009      & DH5A03      & DH5A09      & DH5A30      \\ \hline
DH = 4 [km] & DH4A003      & DH4A009      & DH4A03      & DH4A09      & DH4A30      \\ \hline
DH = 3 [km] & DH3A003      & DH3A009      & DH3A03      & DH3A09      & DH3A30      \\ \hline
DH = 2 [km] & DH2A003      & DH2A009      & DH2A03      & DH2A09      & DH2A30      \\ \hline
DH = 1 [km] & DH1A003      & DH1A009      & DH1A03      & DH1A09      & DH1A30      \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
\end{center}
\caption{�C�ӂ̍��x�ȏ�őS�̈�������������v�Z�̎����ݒ�}
\end{table}
\endgroup
\subsection{�C�ӂ̍��x�ȏ�Ő����̈�̔����������������v�Z}
�C�ӂ̍��x�ȏ�Ő����̈�̔����������������v�Z�̎����p�����[�^�̑g��\4.2~�Ɏ���.~%
���̎����ł͏�����̐U����0.3 K �ōs����.
\begingroup
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.6}
\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0.8}[0.8]{
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
DH& ������ \\ \hline
DH = 7 [km] & DH7   \\ \hline
DH = 6 [km] & DH6      \\ \hline
DH = 5 [km] & DH5      \\ \hline
DH = 4 [km] & DH4      \\ \hline
DH = 3 [km] & DH3      \\ \hline
DH = 2 [km] & DH2      \\ \hline
DH = 1 [km] & DH1      \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
}
\end{center}
\caption{�C�ӂ̍��x�ȏ�Ő����̈�̔����������������v�Z�̎����ݒ�}
\end{table}
\endgroup
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\chapter{�������ʂƂ��̋c�_}
\markright{�������ʂƂ��̋c�_}
\section{�C�ӂ̍��x�ȏ�̑S��������������v�Z}
\begingroup
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.6}
\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0.65}[0.65]{
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
%           & 0.1 �{       & 0.3 �{       & �         & 3 �{�@       & 10 �{       \\
\backslashbox[70pt]{DH}{�U��}& 0.1A$_0$ = 0.03 [K] & 0.3A$_0$ = 0.09 [K] & A$_0$ = 0.3 [K]  & 3A$_0$ = 0.9 [K]  & 10A$_0$ = 3.0 [K] \\ \hline
DH �Ȃ�     &              &              & 7800 sec             &              &     \\ \hline
DH = 8 [km] &              &              &              &              & 4800 sec    \\ \hline
DH = 7 [km] & 11400 sec    & 10200 sec    & 7800 sec     & 4800 sec     & 4800 sec    \\ \hline
DH = 6 [km] & 11400 sec    & 10200 sec    & 7800 sec     & 4800 sec     & 6600 sec    \\ \hline
DH = 5 [km] & 11400 sec    & 10200 sec    & 7800 sec     & 4800 sec     & 12000 sec   \\ \hline
DH = 4 [km] & 37200 sec    & 37200 sec    & 30000 sec    & 34200 sec    & 19200 sec   \\ \hline
DH = 3 [km] & 62400 sec    & 58200 sec    & 60600 sec    & 54600 sec    & 54600 sec   \\ \hline
DH = 2 [km] & 11500 sec    & 67200 sec    & 67200 sec    & 69600 sec    & 49800 sec   \\ \hline
DH = 1 [km] &\backslashbox[70pt]&\backslashbox[70pt]&\backslashbox[70pt]& \backslashbox[70pt] & \backslashbox[70pt] \cr
\hline
\end{tabular} 
}
\end{center}
\caption{\footnotesize{���x10~km~�ȏ�ɓ��B����悤�ȋ����_�Η������߂Đ���������$t_0$~���܂Ƃ߂��\.�uDH �Ȃ��v�͊��������w��^���Ă��Ȃ�
�v�Z���Ӗ�����.}}
\end{table}
\endgroup
���̍��x�ȏ�̑S��������������v�Z�ł�, ���߂ɏ�����̐U��0.3 K �ł̌v�Z���s����.~�����,~%
���������w��^���鍂�x�̉���DH ��ς��Ă�����, ���x10 km �ȏ�ɓ��B����悤�ȋ����_�Η�����ԏ��߂ɐ����鎞��$t_0$~��
���������������邱�Ƃ��킩����.~�����Ō����Ă���, %
�����_�Η��̔��B�ߒ���DH = 6 km �̏ꍇ���Ƃ��Đ}5.1 �Ɏ����Ă���.~�܂�, ���̋����_�Η��̔�������
���Ԃ�,~�\5.1 ��A$_0$ = 0.3 K �̗�ɂ܂Ƃ߂Ă���.~�\5.1 ����킩��悤��, DH = 5 km ��DH = 4 km ������$t_0$~��
��8 ���ԂƂ������������ꂪ�����Ă���.~����͍��x9875 m �ɂ�����_��������̕ω��ʂ�$x-t$ �f�ʂ�������
�}\ref{fig:cloud9875} �ɂ�������.~%
�}5.1 (j) �ɑ�\�����悤��,~�{�����ł͋����_�Η��ɂ���Đ������_�͍��x��10 km�`12 km �ɗ��܂�悤�ɂȂ�.~���̂悤�ȉ_�Η�
�������������x�����, �ǂ̉_�Η������x10 km �܂œ��B�����̂��͔��f���ɂ���.~���̂��ߐ}\ref{fig:cloud9875} �ł�,~���x10 km ��
��ɗ��܂�_�̉_�ꍂ�x�t��, ���Ȃ킿���x 9875 m �ł�$x-t$ �f�ʐ}�ɂ����$t_0$~�̂�������邱�Ƃ�ړI�Ƃ��Ă���.~����ɂ�
��, �\5.1 �ɕ\����Ă���$t_0$~�̂�����m�F�ł���.~�����̌��ʂ��玼�x�[���̊��������w��ፂ�x�ɉ��낵�Ă����Ƌ����_�Η�
�������ɂ����Ȃ邱�Ƃ��킩����.

���̂悤�Ɋ��������w�����݂����, �����_���������B���ɂ����Ȃ�Ƃ����e��������ꂽ.~������, ���̎��������ł�, �����_�Η�
�̔����ɉe�����n�߂鍂�x�����肷��ɂ͕s�\���ł���.~�Ȃ��Ȃ��,~���������苭��������キ�����肷�邱�Ƃ�
�_�Η��̔��B�Ɋ�^�����邩��ł���.~���̂���, $A_0$ ��0.1 �{, 0.3 �{, 3 �{, 10 �{�ɂ����v�Z���s����.~���̌��ʂ��\5.1 �ɂ�
�Ƃ߂Ă���.~������̐U����ς����v�Z���ʂ��܂߂邱�Ƃŕ\5.1 ��莟�̂悤�Ȃ��Ƃ�������.
%%
%%
%$\\[-3.0em]$
\begin{itemize}
\item ������̐U���̑傫���ɂ����$t_0$~�͕ω����邪,~$t_0$~�̂��ꂪ���Ȃ�傫���Ȃ�,~�����_�Η������ΓI�ɐ����ɂ����Ȃ�̂�
      ,~�U����10~�{�����Ƃ���������, DH = 2 km�`4 km �Ƃ����Ƃ��ł�����.
\item �U��10~�{�̌v�Z�ł�,~$t_0$~�ɑ傫�ȍ����o���̂�DH = 2�`3 km �ł�����.
%$\\[-2.0em]$
  \begin{itemize}
    \item ������, ���̌v�Z��$t_0$~�ɐ��������̕��ϖ�7~���Ԃ����,~$t_0$~�����Ȃ�x���Ȃ鋫��DH = 2�`3 km �Ɣ��f����.
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
%$\\[-3.0em]$
%%
%%
�܂�,~���̑��ω��ɔ������M���o�ɂ�鉷�ʏ�ɒ��ڂ�,~$x$ �����ɕ��ς����l��}\ref{fig:pottempcond} ����.~%
�}\ref{fig:pottempcond} �ƕ\5.1 ����,~�ŏ��ɐ��M�ɂ��傫�Ȑ��̉��ʏ������ꂽ������, $t_0$ �Ƃ��Ή����Ă���
���Ƃ��킩��.~������,~���̐��M��鐳�̉��ʏ��, ���x2 km�`6 km �ɒ��S�������Ƃ������邽��,~�����̍��x��
�l���������͂ɂ����, ���x10 km �ȏ�ɂ܂œ��B����悤�ȋ����_�Η��ɔ��B�����ƍl������.

������, $t_0$ ���������x�ꂽDH = 4 km�`2 km �̎����ɂ�����, �����_�Η�����������܂ł̉ߒ��ɒ��ڂ���. %
�}\ref{fig:magomago}(a) ��DH = 4 km �̎����ɂ�����v�Z�J�n����60000 sec �܂ł�, $x$ ���ς����g�[�^���̐����C������
�̕��z�ł���. �����, ��8000 sec ���牺�w�ŋ����_�Η��������n�߂�30000 sec �߂��܂�, ���x 4 km �ȏ�Ő����C�ʂ�
�ɂ₩�ɑ������Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��. ���ɐ}\ref{fig:magomago}(b),(c) ������. �����̐}�͂��ꂼ��, �����C������
�̈ڗ��g�U�Ɨ����g�U�ɂ���̕��z��\���Ă���. �}\ref{fig:magomago}(b),(c) ����, %
�}\ref{fig:magomago}(a) ��(A) $t =$6000 sec�`10000 sec �̍��x4 km �ȏ�ł�0.0005 kg/kg�`0.001 kg/kg (�Z���F) �̐����C��
�ɂ₩�ȑ����͈ڗ��g�U�ɂ����̂�, (B) $t =$10000 sec�`13000 sec �ɂ͈ڗ��g�U�ɉ����ė����g�U���������
���Ƃ�0.002 kg/kg�`0.004 kg/kg (���F) �̐����C�̂킸���ɋ}�ȑ����������, (C) $t =$13000 sec�`30000 sec ��
�����g�U�ɂ���Ă��Ƃ��Ǝ��x�[���ł������̈��, 0.0005 kg/kg�`0.004 kg/kg �̐����C���������ꂽ�ƍl������. %
�}\ref{fig:magomago2} �ł�DH = 2 km ��3 km �̎����ɂ�����, �}\ref{fig:magomago} �Ɠ��l�Ȑ}��\���Ă���, %
DH = 4 km �̎����Ɠ��l�Ɉڗ��g�U�Ɨ����g�U�ɂ���č��xDH �ȏ�̐����C�ʂ��������Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��. �����ڗ��g�U
�Ɨ����g�U�͏�����ɂ���Đ��������̂Ǝv����.

�ȏォ�玟�̂��Ƃ����������̂ł͂Ȃ����낤��. ���������w����r�I�ɍ����x�ɑ��݂���DH = 5 km �ȏ�̎����ł�, ���w�̎���
����C���܂񂾏㏸����, ���B�������x�ɂ���Ȃ�Ɏ��x�����邽�߂ɖO�a�ł�, �����C�̋Ì��ɂ����M���畂�͂𓾂���. ���̕��͂ɂ����
�㏸���͂�荂���x�ɏ㏸�ł���悤�ɂȂ�. %
���������w���ፂ�x�ɑ��݂���DH = 4 km �ȉ��ł�, ���w�̎�������C���܂񂾏㏸���͂����Ɋ������Ă��鍂�x��
�����Ă��܂�, �O�a�ł��Ȃ��Ȃ�. %
���̂��� �㏸���͐��M�𓾂��Ȃ����߂�, ����̑�C�ɂ���ė�p����ď��ł��Ă��܂�. %
������, �������, �n�\�ʂ���̔M�t���b�N�X�ɂ���Đ������㏸�������w�̐����C�����xDH �ȏ�ɗA�����邱�Ƃ��J��Ԃ�, %
���xDH �ȏオ����Ȃ�Ɏ����, ���ǂ͋����_�Η������B�ł���悤�ɂȂ�. ���̂悤�Ȃ��Ƃ�w�i�Ƃ���,~DH = 4 km �ȉ���
�̎����ł͋����_�Η��������ɂ��������ƍl������.

\clearpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}5.1---------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-10pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-30pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[t = 7200 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-004.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 9000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-005.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[t = 10800 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-006.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 12600 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-007.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 14400 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-008.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 16200 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-009.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 18000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-010.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 19800 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-011.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 21600 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-012.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 23400 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.5cm,angle=0,trim= 120 100 120 93,clip]{./dryheight/6000-013.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{DH6A03 �����ɂ�����, �����_���������߂ɐ������Ƃ��̔��B�ߒ�.~�}�ł� $t$ = 7200 sec�`23400 sec ��
�_���������̎��ԕω���\���Ă���,~�_�Η��������Ă��邱�Ƃ��Ӗ�����.~%
�_��������̒P�ʂ�[kg/kg], �c����$z$~$[\times 10^4$ m],~������$x$~$[\times 10^5~$ m]~�ł���.}} 
  \label{fig:Pedlosky-1987}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}cloud9875--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-10pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-30pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
%\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[���������w�Ȃ�]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-7.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-6.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-5.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-4.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-3.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-2.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-1.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{DH1A03�`DH7A03 �����ɂ�����, �_���������̍��x 9875 m �ł�$x-t$ �f�ʐ}.~%
�_��������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ������$x$~[$\times 10^5$~m], �c����$t$~[$\times 10^4$~sec] �ł���.} 
  \label{fig:cloud9875}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}pottempcond--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-10pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-30pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[���������w�Ȃ�]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./zprof/pottemp_cond.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./zprof/pottemp_cond-7.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./zprof/pottemp_cond-6.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./zprof/pottemp_cond-5.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./zprof/pottemp_cond-4.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./zprof/pottemp_cond-3.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./zprof/pottemp_cond-2.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 150 100 150 93,clip]{./zprof/pottemp_cond-1.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{���̑��ω��ɔ������M���o�ɂ�鉷�ʏ��$x$~���ϐ}.~%
���ʂ̒P�ʂ� [K], ������$t$~[$\times 10^4$~sec], �c����$z$~[$\times 10^4$~m] �ł���.} 
  \label{fig:pottempcond}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%magomago%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{0pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[DH = 4 km, $x$ ���ς����g�[�^���̐����C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=9cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 150 93,clip]{./zeniki/A04-totalvapor.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 4 km, $x$ ���ς��������C������̈ڗ��g�U]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=9cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 150 93,clip]{./zeniki/A04-vaporadv.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 4 km, $x$ ���ς��������C������̗����g�U]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=9cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 150 93,clip]{./zeniki/A04-vaporturb.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{�����̐}�͑S��DH4A03 �����ɂ����̂ł���, $x$ �����ɕ��ς����l������. �}�͍�����
����, �g�[�^���̐����C������, �ڗ��g�U�ɂ�鐅���C������
�, �����g�U�ɂ�鐅���C�������̐}�ł���. %
�����̐}�̐����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ������$t$~[$\times 10^4$~sec], �c����$z$~[m] �ł���.}} 
  \label{fig:magomago}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%magomago2%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[DH = 3 km, $x$ ���ς����g�[�^���̐����C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 150 93,clip]{./zeniki/A03-totalvapor.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 3 km, $x$ ���ς��������C������̈ڗ��g�U]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 150 93,clip]{./zeniki/A03-vaporadv.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 3 km, $x$ ���ς��������C������̗����g�U]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 150 93,clip]{./zeniki/A03-vaporturb.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 2 km, $x$ ���ς����g�[�^���̐����C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 150 93,clip]{./zeniki/A02-totalvapor.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 2 km, $x$ ���ς��������C������̈ڗ��g�U]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 150 93,clip]{./zeniki/A02-vaporadv.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 2 km, $x$ ���ς��������C������̗����g�U]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 150 93,clip]{./zeniki/A02-vaporturb.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{�����̐}��DH3A03, DH2A03 �����ɂ����̂ł���, �S��$x$ �����ɕ��ς����l������. �}�͍�����
����, �g�[�^���̐����C������, �ڗ��g�U�ɂ�鐅���C������, �����g�U�ɂ�鐅���C�������̐}�ł���. %
�����̐}�̐����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ������$t$~[$\times 10^4$~sec], �c����$z$~[m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:magomago2}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage

�}\ref{fig:lastcloud} �ł͌v�Z���Ԃ̍Ō�ł���$t=216000$ sec �̉_�̕��z��\���Ă���.~�}\ref{fig:lastcloud}(a)�`(d) ��
DH = 7 km�`4 km �ł̌v�Z���ʂł���,~���x10 km �ȏ�Ő��������̑S��ɍL����悤�ȉ_�̕��z��������.~������, DH = 4 km �ł̌v�Z���ʂł���}(d) �ɂ��Ă�, ��������
�̑S��ɉ_�̕��z�������邪, �S�̂Ƃ��ĕ�40 km ���x�̂΂�����_�����z��,~�_�Ɖ_�̊ԂɌ��Ԃ��ł��n�߂Ă���悤�ł���.~%
����Ő}\ref{fig:lastcloud}(e),(f) ��DH = 3 km, 2 km �ł̌v�Z���ʂł���,~%
���x10 km �ȏ�ɉ_��������̂̉_�����݂��Ȃ���Ԃ��ڗ���.~%
�}\ref{fig:lastcloud}(e),(f) �Ɍ�����_�ʂ̌�����, �ꌩ����Ɗ��������w���������߂ɐ����C�ʂ̕s�����Ă��邽�߂ł����
���߂ł������ł���.~������, DH = 3 km �ł̌v�Z���ʂł���}\ref{fig:lastcloud}(e) �ɂ�����, ����������100 km �𒴂���傫���̉_���`������Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��
�悤��, �P���ɉ_���`������̂ɏ\���Ȑ����C�ʂ����Ȃ����Ƃ��v���ł���Ƃ͍l���ɂ���.~������, �}\ref{fig:lastvapor} �̂悤
��, �����C�̊�{��̒l�Ə���������킹���g�[�^���̐����C�ʂ̎��ԕω������؂��邱�Ƃɂ���. 

�}\ref{fig:lastvapor} �͌v�Z���Ԃ̐^�� ($t=108000$~sec) �ƍŌ� ($t=216000$~sec) �̃g�[�^���̐����C�ʂ̕��z��\���Ă���.~%
�}\ref{fig:lastvapor} �ł͍��xDH ���������x���ɐ����C���N���オ���Ă���悤�ȗl�q��������. ����͉_�Η��̏㏸����
�ʂ������ƂŎ����������ł���.~$t=108000$~sec �̐}�������, �S�̂Ƃ��č��xDH �ȏ�Ő����C�����䂪�[���̕��� (�����F) ��
�_�Η����ʉ߂��Ď��������� (���F�ƍ��F) ���͂�����ƕ�����Ă���, ���������ɐ����C���s�ψ�ɕ��z���Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��.

������, $t=216000$~sec �ł�, ���xDH ���オ���Ă����قǂɌv�Z���Ԃ̒����܂ł͐����C�����䂪�[���ł����������ɂ�
�����C����������,~%
���������̐����C���z�̕s�ψꂳ�̓x�������������Ȃ��Ă������Ƃ��킩��.~����, DH = 6 km, 7 km �ł͍��xDH �ȏ�̑啔����
�قƂ�ǎ�������Ԃɂ���ƌ����邾�낤.~%
�ΏƓI��, DH = 2 km, 3 km �ł͎��Ԃ��o���Ă������C�����䂪�[���̂܂܂̗̈悪�傫���c���Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��. %
�Ȃ�, DH = 4 km �̎����ł̐��������̎��x�̕s�ψ�̒��x��, DH = 2 km, 3 km ��DH = 5 km�`7 km �̒��Ԃł���ƈʒu�Â��Ă���.

������, DH = 2 km, 3 km �ɂ�����, ���x�̐��������̕s�ψ�ƌv�Z���ԍŌ�̍��x10 km �ȏ�ɗ��܂�_���m�̌��Ԃ��傫�����z��
�̊֌W�����l����. %
�}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(a) ��$t=108000$~sec �ł̃g�[�^���̐����C���z��\��. �}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(b),(c) �͂��ꂼ��
DH = 3 km �ł�$t = $ 108000 sec, 216000 sec �ł̉_�̕��z��\��.~�܂��}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(a) ��$x =$ 80 km, 490 km �t�߂�
�����, �ő�ō��x��10 km �܂œ��B���Ă��鎼�����u���v������.~�������}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(b) �ɂ�����, �����̎�������������
�ꏊ�������, $x =$ 80 km �ł͂��̎���������������_�����̎c��ł���_���������ɑ��݂�, %
$x =$ 490 km �ɂ͂��̂悤�ȉ_�͑��݂��Ȃ�.~�����̎���������$t=108000$~sec �ȍ~�����݂���������, %
�ڗ������_�������N���Ȃ����Ԃ�10~���Ԉȏ�p������.~������, �}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(c) �������, ���x��10 km, $x =$ 30 km�`140 km �����
120 km�`510 km �ɍL����_��������.~�O�҂̌`���ߒ��͐}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(d)�`(i) ��, ��҂̌`���ߒ���
�}\ref{fig:hukinitsu}(j)�`(o) �Ɏ����Ă���.~%
�����̐}�������, �v�Z���Ԃ̌㔼�ɐ����鋭���_�Η��̔����ꏊ��$x =$ 80 km, 490 km �t�߂ɂ���, ���̏ꏊ
�͂���ȑO�̉_�����ő�C�������������ł��邱�Ƃ��}\ref{fig:hukinitsu} ����킩��.

�ȏ�̐}\ref{fig:lastcloud}�`�}\ref{fig:hukinitsu} �̌��؂�ʂ��Ă݂�Ǝ��̂悤�Ȑ������ł���. ���xDH ��
���ፂ�x�ɂ���ق�, ���������ɕs�ψ�Ȏ��x���z��������. �����Đ����C���z�����������ɕs�ψ�ł����, %
�V���ɐ�����_�����͂���ȑO�̉_�����ɂ���Ď����������ɏW����, ���ʂƂ��ĉ_�̕��z�̕΂肪�傫���Ȃ�.

������, DH = 2 km, 3 km �ɔ�ׂ�ΐ��������̕s�ψ�Ȏ��x���z�̓x�������������Ƃ��Ă�, DH = 4 km, %
5 km �ł�����Ȃ�ɕs�ψꂪ�����, ���̉e�����o�Ă��Ă��悢�͂��ł���. ���̋^����m���߂邽��, �����C���z�̏������
�ɂ����Đ��������̕s�ψꂪ���݂���󋵂����, ���̍��x�ȏ�̔��悾�������������鐔�l�������s����. %
���̌��ʂ͎��߂ɑ���.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}lastcloud---------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\clearpage
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[DH = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-7000-2.eps}
  } % ���s
  \subfigure[DH = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-6000-2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-5000-2.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-4000-2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-3000-2.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-2000-2.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{�v�Z���Ԃ̍Ō�ł���$t = 216000$ sec �̉_���������̕��z�}. %
������, �_���������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ������$x$~[$\times 10^5$~m], �c����
$z$~[$\times 10^4$~m] �ł���.}} 
  \label{fig:lastcloud}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}lastvapor---------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\clearpage
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-10pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-13pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[DH = 7 km, t = 108000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 170 100 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-7000-0.eps}
  }
%  \subfigure[DH = 7 km, t = 162000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 45 170 45 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-7000-1.eps}
%  }
  \subfigure[DH = 7 km, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 170 100 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-7000-2.eps}
  } % ���s
 \subfigure[DH = 6 km, t = 108000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 170 100 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-6000-0.eps}
  }
%  \subfigure[DH = 6 km, t = 162000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 45 170 45 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-6000-1.eps}
%  }
  \subfigure[DH = 6 km, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 170 100 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-6000-2.eps}
  }\\ % ���s
  \subfigure[DH = 5 km, t = 108000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 170 100 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-5000-0.eps}
  }
%  \subfigure[DH = 5 km, t = 162000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 45 170 45 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-5000-1.eps}
%  }
  \subfigure[DH = 5 km, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 170 100 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-5000-2.eps}
  } % ���s
  \subfigure[DH = 4 km, t = 108000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 170 100 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-4000-0.eps}
  }
%  \subfigure[DH = 4 km, t = 162000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 45 170 45 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-4000-1.eps}
%  }
  \subfigure[DH = 4 km, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 170 100 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-4000-2.eps}
  }\\ % ���s
  \subfigure[DH = 3 km, t = 108000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 170 100 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-3000-0.eps}
  }
%  \subfigure[DH = 3 km, t = 162000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 45 170 45 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-3000-1.eps}
%  }
  \subfigure[DH = 3 km, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 170 100 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-3000-2.eps}
  } % ���s
  \subfigure[DH = 2 km, t = 108000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 170 100 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-2000-0.eps}
  }
%  \subfigure[DH = 2 km, t = 162000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 45 170 45 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-2000-1.eps}
%  }
  \subfigure[DH = 2 km, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=6.0cm,angle=0,trim= 100 170 100 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-2000-2.eps}
  }\\ % ���s
%  \subfigure[DH = 1 km, t = 201600 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 45 170 45 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-1000-0.eps}
%  }
%  \subfigure[DH = 1 km, t = 208800 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 45 170 45 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-1000-1.eps}
%  }
%  \subfigure[DH = 1 km, t = 216000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 45 170 45 93,clip]{./LastVapor/lastvapor-1000-2.eps}
%  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{�v�Z���Ԃ̐^�� ($t = 108000$ sec) �ƍŌ� ($t = 216000$ sec) �̃g�[�^���̐����C������
�̕��z�}. %
������, �����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], ������$x$~[$\times 10^5$~m], �c����
$z$~[$\times 10^4$~m] �ł���.}} 
  \label{fig:lastvapor}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}hukinitsu---------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\clearpage
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-7pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-10pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[$t$ = 108000 sec �ł̃g�[�^���̐����C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/vapor-108000sec.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[$t$ = 108000 sec �ł̉_�̕��z]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-108000sec.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[$t$ = 216000 sec �ł̉_�̕��z]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./LastCloud/lastcloud-3000-2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[t = 148200 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at490km2-1.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 151800 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at490km2-2.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 155400 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at490km2-3.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[t = 159000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at490km2-4.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 162600 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at490km2-5.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 166200 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at490km2-6.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[t = 181800 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at80km2-1.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 185400 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at80km2-2.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 189000 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at80km2-3.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[t = 192600 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at80km2-4.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 196200 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at80km2-5.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[t = 199800 sec]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=4.5cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hukinitsu/cloud-at80km2-6.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{(a),(b) �͂��ꂼ��$t$ = 108000 sec �ł̃g�[�^���̐����C������̕��z�Ɖ_��������
�̕��z�ł���, (c) ��$t$ = 216000 sec �̉_�����������z�ł���. %
(d)�`(o) ��, �v�Z���ԑO���̉_�����ɂ���Ď������ꏊ���琶����, �����_�����̔���$\cdot$���B�ߒ�������.~%
(d)�`(i) �ł�$x$ = 0�`200 km ��`�悵, $x$ = 80 km �ӂ�����Ƃ����_�����̔��B��������. %
(j)�`(o) �ł�, $x$ = 312�`512 km ��`�悵, $x$ = 490 km �ӂ�����Ƃ����_������������.~%
������, �����C������Ɖ_��������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], (a)�`(c) �̉�����$x$~[$\times 10^5$~m], %
(d)�`(o) �̉�����$x$~[$\times 10^4$~m], �c���͑S��$z$~[$\times 10^4$~m] �ł���.~%
�Ȃ�, �����̐}�͑S��DH3A03 �����ɂ����̂ł���.}}
  \label{fig:hukinitsu}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%------next section-----%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{���������ɕs�ψ�Ȏ��x�̏������^�����v�Z}
���������ɕs�ψ�Ȏ��x�̏������^�����v�Z�ł�, ���xDH �ȏ�̐����̈�̔��� ($x =$ 0 km �`256 km) ��
���x�̏�������[���ɂ���悤�Ȑ����C������̏��^���Ă���.~����ȍ~��, ���x�̏����ꂪ�[��
�ɂȂ��Ă���w�����݂���$x =$0 km�`256 km �̈�̑�C�w���������̈�, ���x�̏�����ɕω���^���Ă��Ȃ�
$x =$256 km�`512 km �̗̈�̑�C�w���������̈�ƌĂԂ��Ƃɂ���.~�܂�, �O�߂̈��̍��x�ȏ�̎��x���[����
�����v�Z��S�抣���v�Z�ƌĂ�, �{�߂ł̌v�Z�𔼈抣���v�Z�ƌĂԂ��Ƃɂ���.

���抣���v�Z����͈ȉ��̂悤�ȓ���������ꂽ. �Ȃ�, �ڍׂɂ��Ă͂���ȍ~�ɋc�_����.
%
%
$\\[-3.0em]$
\begin{itemize}
\item[A:] ��C�̏������x���[���ɂ��鍂�x�̉���DH ��ω������Ă������ۂ�, �������̈�ɂ����čŏ��ɋ���
          �_�Η����������鎞��$t_0$ ���������x���͍̂��xDH ��4 km �ȉ��ɂ������ł�����. ����4 km �Ƃ������x��, %
          �S�抣���v�Z�ł̌��ʂƓ����ł�����. ������, ����DH �ɂ�����S�抣���v�Z�Ɣ��抣���v�Z�ł�$t_0$ �ɂ�
          �傫�Ȃ��ꂪ����, DH = 4 km �ł͖�40000 sec, DH = 3 km �ł͖�60000 sec, DH = 2 km �ł͖�30000 sec �̒x�ꂪ
          ���抣���v�Z�Ő�����. %
\item[B:] �����_�Η��̐����ɂ����������DH = 4 km �ȉ��ł�, �������̈�ł̉_�Η��������������ɂȂ�悤�ł���.
\end{itemize}
$\\[-5.0em]$
%%
%%

A �ɂ��Ă�, ���x9875 m �ł̉_�̕��z��$x-t$ �f�ʂ�`�����}\ref{fig:conv-seeds1}, �}\ref{fig:conv-seeds2} ���r����Ƃ킩��.~%
������, �}\ref{fig:conv-seeds1}, �}\ref{fig:conv-seeds2} �̍������S�抣���v�Z�ł̌��ʂł���, �E�������抣���v�Z�ł�
���ʂł���.~%
�܂�DH = 4 km~�̌��ʂł���}\ref{fig:conv-seeds2}(a),(b) �ɒ��ڂ����, �������̈�ŏ��߂ɍ��x9875 m �ɋ����_�Η������B����
���Ԃ�, �S�抣���v�Z�ł͖�30000 sec �ł���, ���抣���v�Z�ł͖�70000 sec �ł��邽��, ��҂̂ق�����40000 sec �x�����Ƃ�
�킩��.~�܂�, ���l�Ȏ��Ԃ�DH = 3~km~�̌��ʂł���}\ref{fig:conv-seeds2}(c),(d) �������, �S�抣���v�Z�ł͖�60000 sec ��, ��
�抣���v�Z�ł͖�120000 sec �ł��邽��, ��҂̂ق�����60000 sec �x��Ă���.~�����, DH = 2~km~�̌��ʂł���
�}\ref{fig:conv-seeds2}(e),(f) �ɂ����Ă�, �S�抣���v�Z�ł͖�70000 sec �܂łɂ͋����_�Η��������Ă���̂ɑ΂�, ���抣���v�Z
�ł͖�100000 sec �ł��邽��, ��҂̂ق�����30000 sec �x��Ă���. ���̂���, ���抣���v�Z�ł͑S�抣���v�Z�Ɣ�ׂĂ��
�����_�Η��̔������}������Ă���ƍl�����邽��, ���̌������l����.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------conv-seeds1--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�S�抣��, DH = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-7.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣��, DH = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-7.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣��, DH = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-6.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣��, DH = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-6.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣��, DH = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-5.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣��, DH = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-5.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{���x9875 m �ł̉_����������$x-t$ �f��.~�����̗�̐}�����xDH �ȏ�̑S�̈�������������v�Z��, �E
���̗񂪍��xDH �ȏ�̐����̈�̔��������������������v�Z�ł���, ���ꂼ��S�抣���Ɣ��抣���ƕ\�L���Ă���. %
�_��������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], �c����$t$ [$\times 10^4$sec], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.} 
  \label{fig:conv-seeds1}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------conv-seeds2--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�S�抣��, DH = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-4.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣��, DH = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-4.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣��, DH = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-3.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣��, DH = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-3.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣��, DH = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-2.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣��, DH = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣��, DH = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds-1.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���抣��, DH = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./seeds/conv-seeds2-1.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{���x9875 m �ł̉_����������$x-t$ �f��.~�����̗�̐}�����xDH �ȏ�̑S�̈�������������v�Z��, �E
���̗񂪍��xDH �ȏ�̐����̈�̔��������������������v�Z�ł���, ���ꂼ��S�抣���Ɣ��抣���ƕ\�L���Ă���. %
�_��������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], �c����$t$ [$\times 10^4$sec], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:conv-seeds2}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}dragcloud--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{-10pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[h] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=9.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-dragcloud.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{DH = 4 km �̔��抣���v�Z�ɂ�����, $z =$ 5125 m �ł̉_����������
$x-t$ �f��. �_���������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg], �c����$t$ [$\times 10^4$sec], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:dragcloud}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}earlytime--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
%\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[h] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�g�[�^���̐����C������̏�����]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=9.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-basictortalvapor2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[���ԕ��ς����g�[�^���̐����C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=9.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-totalvapor-earlytime2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[���ԕ��ς����_��������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=9.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-cloud-earlytime2.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{DH = 4 km �̔��抣���v�Z�ɂ�����, ���x�̏�����̐}��,~�g�[�^���̐����C������ [kg/kg] ��
�_�������� [kg/kg] �����ꂼ�ꎞ�ԕ��ς����}. (a) �̎��x�̏�����̓g�[�^���̐����C������ [kg/kg] �ŕ\����Ă���. %
(b),(c) �ł�$t = $ 12600 sec�`18000 sec �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς����l���\����Ă���.~������, �c����$z$ [m], ����
��$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.}} 
  \label{fig:earlytime}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}

���߂�, DH = 4 km �ɂ��čl����. �v�Z�J�n����$t =$70000 sec �܂ł�$z =$5125 m �ɂ�����_�����$x-t$ �f�ʂ�\��
�}\ref{fig:dragcloud} ������.~�����, $t =$10000 sec ���߂��������玼�����̈�ł͍��xDH ����1 km �ȏ㍂���x�ɏ㏸
����_�Η������������Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��.~�����,~%
��C�̏������x���������}\ref{fig:earlytime}(a) ��, $t$ = 12600 sec�`18000 sec �ł̎��ԕ���
��������Ƃ��̃g�[�^���̐����C������̕��z���������}\ref{fig:earlytime}(b) ������.~%
�}\ref{fig:earlytime}(a),(b) ���r����Ɛ}\ref{fig:earlytime}(b) �ɂ�����, %
�������̈�ł͍��x 4 km ���牔�������㑤�� 400 m �����̑w����, �����C��
���������0.001 kg/kg�`0.002 kg/kg ������, ����Ŏ������̈�ł�, ���x3.5 km �ȏ�Ő����C�����������0.002 kg/kg �ق�
�������Ă��镔����������.~���̐����C�ʂ̑�����, �}\ref{fig:earlytime}(b) �Ɠ������Ԃŕ��ς�������_����������\��
�}\ref{fig:earlytime}(c) ����킩��悤��, �_�������N�������Ղł���Ǝv����.~�܂�, �������̈�ł͍��x4 km �t�߂܂�
�͉_���㏸���Ă��������������w�ɓ��������Ƃŉ_���������������߂�, ���x4 km �ȏ�̔����w���������点, �������̈�ł�
, ���x4 km �𒴂��Ă�������x�̎��x�����邽�߂ɉ_�͏㏸�𑱂��邱�Ƃ��ł�, �_�����݂���ꏊ�������͒ʂ����Ղ̐����C��
���������Ă���Ǝv����.

�ȏォ��, �v�Z���J�n�������ߍ��Ɋ������̈�Ŋ����ȉ_�Η��̔�����}�����Ă����̂�, ���xDH = 4 km �ȏ�ɍL����
���������w�̉e���ł��邱�Ƃ��킩��.~������, ���̉_�Η���}��������ʂ͑S�抣���v�Z�Ɠ��l�Ȃ��̂ł���, �v�Z����
�㔼�ɋ����_�Η����}�����ꂽ���ړI�Ȍ����Ƃ͂Ȃ��Ă��Ȃ��ƍl������.
\clearpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%�L���v�V�����̊!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}dragtime--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-20pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{-100pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-10pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[h] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
%  \subfigure[�g�[�^���̐����C������̏�����]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=8.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-basictotalvapor.eps}
%  }\\
%  \subfigure[���ԕ��ς����g�[�^���̐����C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=8.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-totalvapor-dragtime.eps}
%  }\\
  \subfigure{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.3cm,angle=0,trim= 162 180 165 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-vapor-dragtime.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{DH = 4 km �ł̔��抣���v�Z�ɂ�����, %
���ԕ��ς��������C�������̕��z. %
�}�ł�$t = $16200 sec�`30600 sec �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��Ă���. %
�����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg] �ł���, �c����$z$ [m], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:dragtime}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}nagare-x250--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-17pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{-100pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[h] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.5cm,angle=0,trim= 167 180 190 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-nagare-x250.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{DH = 4 km �ł̔��抣���v�Z�ɂ�����, ���ԕ��ς��������C�������̕��z��
�x�N�g���ŕ\����������̐}.~%
�����ŕ`����Ă���̈��, �}\ref{fig:dragtime} �̊��������̈�Ǝ������̈�̋��E�t�߂ł���, $x =$140 km�`340 km, $z =$0 km�`11 km ��
�g�債���}�ł���. ���̐}�ł�$t = $ 16200 sec�`30600 sec �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��Ă���. %
�����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg] �ł���, �}���̖��͕����̃x�N�g�����Ӗ���, �}�̉E���ɒP�ʃx�N�g�� [m/sec] �̑傫����\���Ă���.~%
������, �c����$z$ [$\times 10^3$ m], ������$x$ [$\times 10^4$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:nagare-x250}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%
%%
%%
����, $t = $16200 sec�`30600 sec �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς������x��̕ω��ɒ��ڂ��� (�}\ref{fig:dragtime}). %
�}\ref{fig:dragtime} ��, ���ԕ��ς��������C�������̕��z�ł���. %
�܂�, $t =$16200 sec�`30600 sec �͐}\ref{fig:dragcloud} ����킩��悤��, �������̈�ŏ��߂ɉ_������
�����ɂȂ�, �������̈�ł͖ڗ������_�����������Ȃ����ԑтł���. %
�}\ref{fig:dragtime} �������, �������̈�ł͍��x3 km�`4 km ��0.002 kg/kg�`0.008 kg/kg �̐����C�ʂ̌�����
�����, �������̈�ł�$x =$260 km�`320 km ��$x =$380 km�`440 km ��$z =$3 km�`6 km �ӂ�ł�
0.001 kg/kg�`0.004 kg/kg �̐����C�ʂ̑�����������. �������̈�Ɍ����鐅���C�ʂ̑����̈��
�}\ref{fig:dragcloud} �̉_�������W�����Ă��镔���ƈ�v���Ă��邱�Ƃ���, �����ȉ_�������N���Ă���ꏊ��
��������ł��낤. ������, �������̈�ł͖ڗ������_�Η��������Ȃ����Ƃ���, �������̈�ł̌������������C�ʂ͎������̈�
�ł̊����ȉ_�����Ɏ�荞�܂ꂽ�̂ł͂Ȃ����Ɛ��������.

���̐������m���߂邽�߂�, %
�}\ref{fig:nagare-x250} �̂悤��$x =$ 140 km�`340 km, $z =$ 2 km�`11 km �̗̈�ɂ�����
$t = $ 16200 sec�`30600 sec �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��������C�������̕��z�ƃx�N�g���ŕ\���������������. %
���̗̈��$x =$256 km �ɂ��銣�����̈�Ǝ������̈�Ƃ̋��E�t�߂ł���.~%
�}\ref{fig:nagare-x250} �������, $x =$ 260 km�`300 km, ���x�� 3 km �ȏ�ɑ��݂���㏸�����, $x =$ 140 km�`260 km ��
�L���鉺�~����, ���x 2 km�`4 km �ɐ}�̉E�����֌������㏸����ɓ����Ă������ꂪ������. %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}nagare-x0--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{0pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[$x =$ 410 km�`512 km �̐����C�������̕��z�ƕ�����.]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 190 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-nagare-x500.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[$x =$ 0 km�`100 km �̐����C�������̕��z�ƕ�����.]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 160 170 190 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-nagare-x0.eps}
  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{DH = 4 km �ł̔��抣���v�Z�ɂ�����, ���ԕ��ς��������C�������̕��z��
�x�N�g���ŕ\����������̐}.~%
�����ŕ`����Ă���̈��, �}\ref{fig:dragtime} �̊��������̈�Ǝ������̈�̋��E�t�߂ł���, %
$x =$410 km�`512 km, 0 km�`100 km, $z =$0 km�`11 km ��
�g�債���}�ł���. (a),(b) �͐��������̎������E�����̂��߂�, $x =$512 km ��$x =$0 km �Ōq�����Ă��邱�Ƃ�
���ӂ��ꂽ��.~%
���̐}�ł�$t = $ 16200 sec�`30600 sec �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��Ă���. %
�����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg] �ł���, �}���̖��͕����̃x�N�g�����Ӗ���, �}�̉E���ɒP�ʃx�N�g�� [m/sec] �̑傫����\���Ă���.~%
������, �c����$z$ [$\times 10^3$ m], ������$x$ [$\times 10^4$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:nagare-x0}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%%%%
%%%%%

�}\ref{fig:nagare-x250} �Ɠ��l�ɐ}\ref{fig:nagare-x0}(b),(c) �ɂ�$x =$ 425 km�`512 km, $z =$ 2 km�`11 km ��
$x =$ 0 km�`100 km, $z =$ 2 km�`11 km �̗̈�ɂ�����
$t = $ 16200 sec�`30600 sec �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��������C�������̕��z�ƃx�N�g���ŕ\�����������������. %
�����̗̈�͎������E�����ɂ���ė̈悪�q�����Ă���, �������̈�Ǝ������̈��$x =$0 km (���Ȃ킿$x =$512 km) �ɂ���
���E�t�߂�\���Ă���. %
�}\ref{fig:nagare-x0}(b),(c) �����$x =$ 430 km �t�߂�, ���x��3 km �ȏ�ɑ��݂���㏸�����, $x =$ 440 km�`512 km, %
0 km�`100 km �ɍL���鉺�~����, ���x 2 km�`4 km �ɐ}�̍������֌������㏸����ɓ����Ă������ꂪ������.

�}\ref{fig:nagare-x250}, �}\ref{fig:nagare-x0}����, ���������̈�̍��x2 km�`4 km (= DH) �̑�C�w�Ő����C��
�������̈�ɗ��ꍞ��, �������̈�̏㏸����Ɏ�荞�܂�Ă������Ƃ������ꂽ.~������, �}\ref{fig:dragcloud} ��
����ꂽ, �������̈�ɂ����ĉ_�������W���I�ɋN���鎞�Ԃ̍Ō�ł���$t =$30000 sec ����3 ���Ԍ��$t =$41400 sec ��
�����鎼�x������.~�}\ref{fig:draggedvapor}(a) �̓g�[�^���̐����C������̏������\��, %
�}\ref{fig:draggedvapor}(b) ��$t =$41400 sec �ɂ�����g�[�^���̐����C������̕��z�ł���.~%
�}\ref{fig:draggedvapor}(a),(b) ���r�����, ���x3 km�`4 km �̑�C�w�ōő�Ŗ�0.006 kg/kg �̐����C���������Ă���
���Ƃ��킩��. ��܂��Ɍ���ƍ��x3 km�`4 km �ł͎��x��������̔����ȉ��ɂȂ�, ���x3.5 km�`4 km ��
���ڂ����$x =$0 km �t�߂�, $x =$150 km�`250 km �̍��x3.5 km�`4 km �ӂ�ł͎��x���[���ɂȂ��Ă���ꏊ��������.~%
�䂦��, �v�Z�����ɂ͊������̈�ɂ�����, ���������w�����݂���͍̂��x4 km �ȏ�ł�������, �������̈�Ɋ��������̈�̐����C��
��荞�܂�Ă�����, ���������w�͍��x3 km �ɂ܂ŉ������Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩����.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}draggedvapor--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{-5pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
%\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�g�[�^���̐����C������̏�����]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 140 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-basictotalvapor.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[$t =$41400 sec �ɂ�����g�[�^���̐����C������̕��z]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7cm,angle=0,trim= 160 140 160 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-draggedvapor.eps}
  }
  \caption{DH = 4 km �ł̔��抣���v�Z�ɂ�����, �g�[�^���̐����C������̏������%
$t =$ 41400 sec �ɂ�����g�[�^���̐����C������̕��z.~�����C������̒P�ʂ� [kg/kg] �ł���, �c����$z$ [m], ������
$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���.}
  \label{fig:draggedvapor}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%
%%
DH = 4 km �Ƃ����ꍇ, �������̈�̍��x3 km�`4 km �̐����C���������̈�ɗ���Ă������Ƃ�, ���̑�C�w�̎��x���������
�̔����ȉ��ɂȂ�, �����_�Η��̔������}������邱�Ƃ��������ꂽ. %
����ɂ��ւ�炸, $t =$70000 sec ���ɂȂ�Ƌ����_�Η��͐����Ă��邱�Ƃ�
�}\ref{fig:dragcloud} ����킩��.~�����, ��w�̎��x�����Ȃ莸������Ԃł������_�Η������ǂ͐������v�����l����.~%
�܂�, �}\ref{fig:dragtime} �̉��w500 m �ɒ��ڂ����, �������̈�ł�0.001 kg/kg �ȉ��̐����C�̑����������, �������̈�ł�
0.004 kg/kg �ȉ��̐����C�̌�����������. ���̂悤�Ȋ������̈�Ǝ������̈�̉��w�̐����C�ʂ̕ω��̈Ⴂ��
�}\ref{fig:draggedvapor}(b) �ɂ�������. �����ł͉��w500 m �ɂ�����, �������̈�̃g�[�^���̐����C�ʂ�0.017 kg/kg �ȏ��
������ƂقƂ�Ǖς��Ȃ��̂ɑ΂�, �������̈�̃g�[�^���̐����C�ʂ͑S�̂Ƃ���0.0014 kg/kg�`0.0017 kg/kg �ŏ��������
�������Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��.~����ĉ��w�̎��x�Ɋւ��Ă���ɏڂ������邱�Ƃɂ���.

�}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(a) ��$t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec �Ŏ��ԕ��ς������ʏ�̕��z�ł���.~%
������$t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec �Ƃ͎������̈�ŉ_�������������������Ԃ��犣�������̈撆�ł������_�Η������������Ԃ�
�Ӗ����Ă���.~�}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(a) ����, �������̈�ł͉��w�� 500 m ��-0.5 K�`-1.5 K �̗�C�̉򂪂��邱�Ƃ�
�킩��.~����, �}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(a) �Ɠ������ԂŎ��ԕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~���ʂ�\���}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(b) ������. %
������, �~���ߒ��͉J���̏d�͗����ɂ��J��������̕ω��ʂŕ\����邽��, ���̎��ɉJ�����������Ă���~�����Ӗ����Ă���.~%
�}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(b) ����, �n�\�ʍ~���̂قƂ�ǑS�Ă��������̈���ł���$x =$260 km�`470 km �ɏW�����Ă���, ������
�̈�ɂ�����n�\�ʍ~���ʂ͔��ɏ��������Ƃ��킩��.~%
���ۂ�$t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec �̊ԂɌv�Z�̈�ɍ~�����n�\�ʍ~���̑��ʂ��v�Z�����, $x =$0 km�`256 km �̊������̈�ł�
��0.0083 kg/kg �ł���, $x =$256 km�`512 km �̎������̈�ł�0.15 kg/kg �ł��邽��, 10 �{�ȏ�̍������邱�Ƃ��킩��.~%
�����, �������̈�ɂ������C�̉�ƍ~���ߒ����֘A���Ă��邱�Ƃ����������. %
�����, $x$ �����ɕ��ς������̑��ω��ɔ������M���o�ɂ�鉷�ʏ��\���}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(c) ������. %
�����, �������̈�ŉ_�����������ł�����$t =$15000 sec�`30000 sec �͉��w�����M�ɂ���ė�p����Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩��. %
������, $x$ �����ɕ��ς����J���̐����Ə����ɂ��J����������\�����}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(d) ��, %
$x$ �����ɕ��ς������� (��) �ƋÌ� (��) �ɂ�鐅���C��������\�����}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(e) �ɒ��ڂ���. %
�}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(d),(e) ����, $t =$15000 sec�`30000 sec �ɏ��������J���̗ʂ��������C���������Ă��邱�Ƃ�
���炩�ƂȂ�. �����̈�v����, �������̈�ł͌������J���~��, ���̉J���n�\�t�߂ŏ����������Ƃɂ����, ��C���p����
�������Ƃ��킩��. ����͐ω_�Η������B�����Ƃ��ɐϗ��_�̉_��ȉ��̒n�\�t�߂Ɍ������C�v�[���ɑ�������ƍl������. %
�����, �������̈�ł͉J�����قƂ�Ǎ~��Ȃ�����, ��C�𒘂�����p����v�����Ȃ������ƍl������. ������, %
�}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(a) �̊������̈�̉��w200 m �ȉ���0.5 K �ȉ��̉��ʏ�͒n�\�ʂ���̔M�t���b�N�X�Ȃǂɂ����
�������ꂽ�M�ł���Ǝv����.

�}\ref{fig:surfaceq_v}(a) ��$t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec  �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��������C�������̕��z�ł���. %
���̐}�ł͎������̈��-0.001 kg/kg�`-0.004 kg/kg �̐����C������̌�����, �������̈�ł�5$\times 10^{-4}$ kg/kg�`0.001 kg/kg %
�̐����C������̑�����������. ������, $x$ �����ɕ��ς����ڗ��ɂ�鐅���C�������̐}\ref{fig:surfaceq_v}(b) %
�ɒ��ڂ����, $t =$15000 sec�`30000 sec �̎������̈�ɂ����鐅���C������̌�����������. ���̌����ʂ�, %
�}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}(e) �Ɍ�����J�̏����ɂ�鐅���C�̑����ʂ���10 �{���x�̍�������, �����C�̌����ʂ�
�\���ɑ傫��. �����, �������̈�ɂ�����n�\�ʂł̐����C�̌����͈ڗ��ɂ����̂ł����ƍl������. ����Ŋ������̈�ł�
�n�\�ʂ���̐����C�t���b�N�X�Ȃǂɂ����5$\times 10^{-4}$ kg/kg ���x�̐����C�̑����������Ă���̂ł��낤. 

%�̐����C������̑�����������. ������, $x$ �����ɕ��ς����ڗ��ɂ�鐅���C�������̐}\ref{fig:surfaceq_v}(b) ��
%$x$ �����ɕ��ς����Ì��ɂ��_���������̐}\ref{fig:surfaceq_v}(c) �ɒ��ڂ���. %
%�}\ref{fig:surfaceq_v}(b) ����, $t =$15000 sec�`30000 sec �̎������̈�ɂ����鐅���C������̌����͈ڗ��ɂ����̂ł���
%�ƍl������. ����Ɉڗ��ɂ���Ēn�\�t�߂��玸��ꂽ�����C�����̎��ӂɑ��݂��Ȃ�������, ����Ƃقړ��ʂ̉_���̋Ì�
%���}\ref{fig:surfaceq_v}(c) �̍��x1200 m�`3800 m �Ő����Ă���. �����, �������̈�̒n�\�t�߂Ő����C�̌���������ꂽ�̂�, %
%�����ȉ_�����ɂ���Đ����C�������x���։^�΂�, �Ì����Ă������߂ƍl������.~%
%���̈ڗ��͊����ȉ_�����ɂ���ĉ��w�̐����C�������グ��ꂽ���ƂɋN������Ǝv����. ����Ŋ������̈�ł�
%�����ȉ_�����͐����Ă��Ȃ���������, �n�\�t�߂ł͒n�\�ʂ���̐����C�t���b�N�X�ɂ����5$\times 10^{-4}$ kg/kg ���x��
%�����C�̑����������Ă���̂ł��낤. 

�ȏ�̂悤��, �}\ref{fig:surfacetheta}, �}\ref{fig:surfaceq_v} ���犣�����̈�̉��w�ɂ͂���Ȃ�ɐ����C�ƔM������, ��������
�w���ፂ�x�܂ŉ������Ă��Ă����ǂ͋����_�Η��𐶂������邱�Ƃ��ł����̂ł��낤.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}surfacetheta--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{1pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-4pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[h] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�n�\�ʕt�߂̉��ʏ]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=8.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-surfacepottemp.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�n�\�ʍ~����]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 130,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-surfacerain.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[���̑��ω��ɔ������M���o�ɂ�鉷�ʏ]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-latentheat.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�J���̐��� (��) �Ə��� (��)]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 145 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-raincond.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[�����ɂ�鐅���C�̑��� (��) �Ə����ɂ�鐅���C�̌��� (��)]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 145 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-vaporcond.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{�}��DH = 4 km �ł̔��抣���v�Z�ɂ����̂ł���, �n�\�t�߂̗̈�ɒ��ڂ��Ă���. %
(a) $t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec  �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς������ʏ [K]. �c����$z$ [m], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���. %
(b) $t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec  �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~����. %
�c���͒n�\�ʍ~���� [$\times 10^{-5}$ kg/kg], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���. %
(c) $x$ �����ɕ��ς������̑��ω��ɔ������M���o�ɂ�鉷�ʏ [K/sec]. %
(d) $x$ �����ɕ��ς����J���̐��� (��) �Ə��� (��) �ɂ��J�������� [kg/(kg sec)]. %
(e) $x$ �����ɕ��ς������� (��) �ƋÌ� (��) �ɂ�鐅���C������ [kg/(kg sec)]. %
(c), (d), (e) �̏c����$z$ [m], ������$t$ [$\times 10^4$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:surfacetheta}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}surfaceq_v--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{1pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-4pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
%\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[h] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�n�\�ʕt�߂̐����C������]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=11.0cm,angle=0,trim= 170 170 100 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-surfacevapor.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�����C�̈ڗ�]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=10.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 140 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-vaporadv.eps}
  }
%  \subfigure[�_���̋Ì���]{	% ����Ȃ�
%   \includegraphics[width=9.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 140 93,clip]{./hidarisumi/DH4-cloudcond.eps}
%  }
  \caption{\footnotesize{�}��DH = 4 km �ł̔��抣���v�Z�ɂ����̂ł���, �n�\�t�߂̗̈�ɒ��ڂ��Ă���. %
(a) $t =$ 16200 sec�`70200 sec  �̊ԂŎ��ԕ��ς��������C������ [kg/kg]. �c����$z$ [m], ������$x$ [$\times 10^5$ m] �ł���. %
(b) $x$ �����ɕ��ς����ڗ��ɂ�鐅���C������ [kg/(kg sec)]. �c����$z$ [$\times 10^3$ m], ������$t$ [$\times 10^4$ m] �ł���.%
%(c) $x$ �����ɕ��ς����Ì��ɂ��_�������� [kg/(kg sec)]. %
%(b), (c) �̏c����$z$ [$\times 10^3$ m], ������$t$ [$\times 10^4$ m] �ł���.
}}
  \label{fig:surfaceq_v}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}

�ȏ���܂Ƃ߂�Ǝ��̂悤�Ȃ��Ƃ�������̂ł͂Ȃ����낤��. �������̈�ł�, �����̑�C���x���[���ƂȂ��Ă��鍂�x�𒴂���
�悤�ȉ_�Η������B�ł��Ȃ���Ԃ�����, �����, �������̈�ł͋����_�Η���������������.~%
���̎�, �������̈�Ɋ������̈�̐����C�����ꍞ��, ���������̉_�����Ɏ�荞�܂�Ă��܂�.~%
���������, �������̈�̉��w�ɂ͏����Ƃ��܂�ς��Ȃ��ʂ̐����C�����邽�߉_�����͋N���邪, %
���߂ɗ^���������w���������̊������i��ł���.~%
���̂���, ���w����㏸���鎼������C��͂����Ɋ��������̈�ɓ����Ă��܂�, �v�Z�������������_�Η���
���B���ɂ�����ԂƂȂ�. �䂦��, DH = 4 km �̏ꍇ�ɂ�����, �S��������������Ƃ����������_�Η������Ȃ�N���ɂ���
�Ȃ�Ƃ������Ƃ�����ꂽ�̂ł͂Ȃ����낤��. �Ȃ�, DH = 3 �q �̏ꍇ�ɂ���L�̋c�_�Ɩ������Ȃ��}���\���ꂽ%
\footnote{�}�͂ł��Ă��邪�܂�tex �ɂ͐��쒆}.%
�����, ��L�̂悤�ȉߒ��ɂ����, ���������w���ፂ�x�ɂ����, �������̈�ł͂��_�Η������B���ɂ���
�Ȃ�ƍl������. ������, �n�\�ʂ���̔M�t���b�N�X�Ɛ����C�t���b�N�X�ɂ���ĉ��w�ŉ_�Η��𐶂�������
���Ƃ͂ł��邽��, �ߓx�ɐ����C�ʂ����Ȃ�DH = 1 km ��������, ���Ԃ͂����邪���������w�ɐ����C����������
���点�邱�ƂōŏI�I�ɂ͋����_�Η��𔭐�������܂łɎ���. 

\clearpage
B �̓����ɂ��Ă�, ���ʏ��$x$~�����̑S�̈�ŕ��ς���$z-t$ ���z��\���}\ref{fig:meanpottemp1}, �}\ref{fig:meanpottemp2} ����
�킩��.~% 
�}\ref{fig:meanpottemp1}(a) �͊��������w��^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z���ʂł���, ��̐}�ɂ��Ă�
�����ɑS�抣���v�Z, �E���ɔ��抣���v�Z�̌��ʂ�\���Ă���.~%
�}\ref{fig:conv-seeds1}, �}\ref{fig:conv-seeds2} ����킩��悤��, DH = 1 km�`4 km �ł̊������̈�Ŕ�������
�����_�Η���, �������̈�ɔ�ׂ�Ƃ��Ȃ菭�Ȃ�. �܂�, �������̈�ł͐����C���Ì����邱�Ƃœ�������M
�͂��Ȃ菬�����͂��ł���. ����ɂ��ւ�炸, DH = 1 km�`4 km �ł̔���v�Z�ɂ�����
���x10 km �ȉ��Ō����鉷�ʏ㏸��DH = 5 km�`7 km �̑S�抣���v�Z�ɂ����抣���v�Z�ɂ��C�G���邩����ȏ�l�ł���. %
����, �O�q�̂悤��DH = 4 km �ȉ��̔��抣���v�Z�Ŏ������̈�ł̉_�����������ɂȂ�$t =$15000 sec�`30000 sec ��
�Ԃ̉��ʏ㏸��������, DH = 1 km�`4 km ��DH = 5 km�`7 km ���ׂ��, �O�҂̕���2 K�`3 K �����Ă���̈������. %
�܂�, �S�抣���v�Z�ł�DH = 1 km�`4 km �̎����ł�, ���x10 km �ȉ��ł͕��̉��ʏ���ڗ���, DH = 5 km �ȏ�̎�������
�ő�Ŗ�3 K �͉��ʂ̌����������Ă��邱�Ƃ���, ���抣���v�Z��DH ���ፂ�x�ɂ�������ɂ����鉷�ʏ㏸��, ���x�̐����s�ψ�
�̉e���ƌ��Ă悢�ł��낤. �����Ă��̎�����, �������̈�̐����C���������̈�̉_�Η��Ɏ�荞�܂�邱�Ƃ�, �������̈�ŉ_�Η���������
�����ɂȂ�W���I�ɐ������Ƃ������Ƃ𔽉f���Ă���̂ł͂Ȃ����낤��. %
����ɂ��, �S�抣���v�Z�ł͞B���ł�����, ���x�̐��������̕s�ψꂪ�_�Η��̔��B�ɋy�ڂ�
���ʂ����m�ɂȂ����ƌ�����. ���Ȃ킿���̌��ʂƂ�, ���������Ɋ������̈�Ǝ������̈悪���݂���Ƃ���
���x�̕s�ψ��, �������̈�ɉ_�Η����W������Ƃ���, �Ǐ��I�ȉ_������U������Ƃ������Ƃł���.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}meanpottemp1--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{3pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[���������w��^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp.eps}
  }\\ 
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, DH = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-7000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, DH = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-7.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, DH = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-6000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, DH = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-6.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, DH = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-5000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, DH = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-5.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{���ʏ�̑S���ԕ��ς̐}. �����ł͊��������w��^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z, �S�抣���v�Z, ���抣���v�Z
�ɂ��v�Z���ʂ�\���Ă���.~���ʏ�̒P�ʂ� [K], %
������$z$ [$\times 10^4$ m], ������$t$ [$\times 10^4$sec] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:meanpottemp1}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}meanpottemp2--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{3pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, DH = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-4000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, DH = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-4.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, DH = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-3000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, DH = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-3.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, DH = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-2000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, DH = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-2.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[�S�抣������, DH = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-1000.eps}
  }  \subfigure[���抣������, DH = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 150 170 150 93,clip]{./meanpottemp/meanpottemp-1.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{���ʏ�̑S���ԕ��ς̐}. �����ł͑S�抣���v�Z, ���抣���v�Z
�ɂ��v�Z���ʂ�\���Ă���.~���ʏ�̒P�ʂ� [K], %
������$z$ [$\times 10^4$ m], ������$t$ [$\times 10^4$sec] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:meanpottemp2}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
�������̈�ւ̉_�����̒������W����, �n�\�ʍ~���ʂ�����킩��. �}\ref{fig:meansurfacerain} �͑S���Ԃŕ��ς���
�n�\�ʍ~���ʂł���, �}\ref{fig:meansurfacerainearly} ��$t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �Ŏ��ԕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~���ʂł���. %
����$t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �Ƃ������Ԃ�, �}\ref{fig:meanpottemp2} �Ō���ꂽ�悤��, DH = 1 km�`4 km �̎����S�Ă�
1 K �ȏ�̐��̉��ʏ�����x10 km �ȉ��ɐ����Ă���, �_�����̏W�����������Ă����ƍl�����鎞�Ԃł���. �܂�, %
�}\ref{fig:meansurfacerain} �Ɛ}\ref{fig:meansurfacerainearly} ���r�����, $t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �̊Ԃ͍~���ʂ�
����, �_�����������ł��������Ƃ����������. ���ɐ}\ref{fig:meansurfacerain} �Ɛ}\ref{fig:meansurfacerainearly} %
�ɂ�����, ������^�������x�ɂ��n�\�ʍ~���ʂ��r�����, ������
�^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z��DH = 5 km �ȏ�̎����ł͗̈�S�̂ɕ��ϓI�ɍ~����������̂ɑ΂���, DH = 4 km �ȉ��ł�
, �������̈�ɍ~�����W����, ����$t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �̎��ԑтł͂��̍����ɒ[�ɑ傫�����Ƃ��킩��. �Ō��, �S���ԕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~���ʂ�, $t =$0 sec�`50000 sec ��
���ԕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~���ʂ�, ����ɗ̈敽�ς����l���܂Ƃ߂��\5.2 �ɒ��ڂ���. �S���ԕ��ς̗̈敽�ςł�, ���̍~���ʂ�%
, DH = 5 km �ȏ�Ɣ�ׂ��, DH = 4 km �̎����͓����x��, DH = 3 km �͏���������, DH = 1 km, 2 km �ł�1/5 ���x�ł���. %
������, $t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �ł̗̈敽�ςł�, DH = 4 km �̎������ł������l������, DH = 1 km�`3 km �̎�����
�l�ł���DH = 5 km �ȏ�̎����ɕC�G������̂ł���. �����, ���̎��ԑтł�, ���������w��^���Ă��Ȃ��v�Z�̒l���ł�������
���Ƃ��킩��. �����, �n�\�ʍ~�������, ���������Ɏ��x�̕s�ψꂪ����ꍇ��, �������̈�ւ̒������_�����̏W������
����ꂽ�Ƃ�����ł��낤.

\begingroup
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.6}
\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0.8}[0.8]{
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
DH             & �S���ԕ��ς�̈敽��                    & $t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �̕��ς�̈敽��   \\ \hline
���������w�Ȃ� & $6.6 \times 10^{-7}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $1.2 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
DH = 7 [km]    & $2.3 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $4.6 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
DH = 6 [km]    & $3.0 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $4.4 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
DH = 5 [km]    & $2.5 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $3.8 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
DH = 4 [km]    & $2.5 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $5.2 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
DH = 3 [km]    & $1.8 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $4.1 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
DH = 2 [km]    & $4.7 \times 10^{-7}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $4.0 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
DH = 1 [km]    & $4.0 \times 10^{-7}$ [kg/(kg sec)] & $3.2 \times 10^{-6}$ [kg/(kg sec)] \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
}
\end{center}
\caption{���ԕ��ςƗ̈敽�ς����n�\�ʍ~����.}
\end{table}
\endgroup

���̂悤��, ���������Ɏ��x�̕s�ψ�ȕ��z��^�����������, �����������ւ̉_�����̏W��������ꂽ. ������, �O�߂̍Ō��
�c���Ă����^��ɂ��čl����. �����, DH = 5 km �̎����ł�����Ȃ�ɐ��������̕s�ψꂪ�����Ă����ɂ�������炸, ������
�̈�ւ̉_�����̏W���Ƃ��������͌����Ȃ����Ƃł���. ���抣���v�Z�Ō���ꂽ�_�����̏W�����������̂�, ���Ƃ��Ƃ͊�������
�w���ፂ�x�ɂ��邽�߂�, �������̈�ŋ����_�Η��������ɂ����Ȃ��Ă������ƂɋN�����Ă���. ���̂���, �����_�Η��̔�����
�}�����󂯂Ă��Ȃ�DH = 5 km �̎����ł�, �������̈�ւ̉_�����̏W���������Ȃ������̂ł��낤.

�ȏ�̂悤��, �����_�Η��̔����̗}���Ɗ֘A���Č���ꂽ, ���x�����������ɕs�ψ�Ŋ��������w���ፂ�x�ɂ���ۂ�
�����_�Η��̋Ǐ�����, �����̑�C���x�ɑ΂���_�Η��̔��B�ɑ΂��銴�x�ł͂Ȃ��ł��낤��. ���̌��ʂ�, �ω_�Η���
���B�̋@�\��, ��w�̑�C���x�������Ă���Ή_�͔��B����Ƃ����悤�ȒP���Ȃ��̂ł͂Ȃ����Ƃ��������Ă���̂ł͂Ȃ����낤��.
\clearpage
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}meansurfacerain--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{3pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{0pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[���������w�Ȃ�]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/Nodry-surfacerain.eps}
  }  
  \subfigure[DH = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH7-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH6-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH5-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH4-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH3-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH2-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain/DH1-meansurfacerain.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{�S���Ԃŕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~����. �c���͍~���� [$\times 10^{-4}$kg/(kg sec)], ������
$x$ [$\times 10^{-4}$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:meansurfacerain}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%---------------�}meansurfacerainearly--------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{3pt}	% �}�̏�̌��ԁB��}�̕���Ɖ��}�̊ԁB
%\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt} % �}�̉��̌��ԁB����Ɩ{��̊ԁB
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{0pt}	% �}�ƕ���̊�
\renewcommand{\subcapsize}{\scriptsize} % ����̕����̑傫��
\begin{figure}[t] %trim =  ��, ��, �E, ��
 \begin{center}
  \subfigure[���������w�Ȃ�]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/Nodry-surfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }  
  \subfigure[DH = 7 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH7-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 6 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH6-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 5 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH5-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 4 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH4-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 3 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH3-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }\\
  \subfigure[DH = 2 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH2-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }
  \subfigure[DH = 1 km]{	% ����Ȃ�
   \includegraphics[width=7.0cm,angle=0,trim= 20 100 100 120,clip]{./meansurfacerain-earlytime/DH1-meansurfacerain-earlytime.eps}
  }\\
  \caption{\footnotesize{$t =$0 sec�`50000 sec �ŕ��ς����n�\�ʍ~����. �c���͍~���� [$\times 10^{-4}$kg/(kg sec)], ������
$x$ [$\times 10^{-4}$ m] �ł���.}}
  \label{fig:meansurfacerainearly}
 \end{center}
\end{figure}
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\chapter{�܂Ƃ�}
\markright{�܂Ƃ�}
�{�_���͑傫�������ē�̖ړI�ɂ��ď�����. ��͒n���̎����Η��������鐔�l�V�~�����[�V����
���f���̊J���ł���, ������͑�C�̏������x�ɑ΂���Η��̔��B�̊��x�������s�����Ƃł���.~%

�O�҂�Takemi (2006) �̍Č��v�Z�𕔕��I�ɍs�����ƂŃ��f���̐��������m���߂�. ���̍Č��v�Z�ł�
Takemi (2006) �Ɠ��l�ȗ�C�v�[����_�����x�����_�̌`���������, �����V�A�[�̂��镗��^�����ۂɂ�
�_�n�������X��������, �~���悪�W������Ƃ�������̕��ɑ΂���_�n�̍\���̕ω�������ꂽ.~%
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�������Ƃɂ����郂�f���̐������͏\���ł��낤.

��҂�, ��̎��x���^���鐔�l�v�Z�ɂ���Đi�߂�ꂽ. ��ڂ�, ���̍��x�ȏ�ŗ̈�S�̂̑�C���x�̊�{���
�[���ɂ��Ċ��������w��^����Ƃ������̂ł���, �{�����ł͑S�抣���v�Z�ƌĂ�. �������, ���̍��x�ȏ�Ő����̈��
�����̏����̑�C���x���[���ɂ���悤�Ȑ����C������̏��^��, �s�ψ�ȏ����̎��x���^����Ƃ������̂ł��蔼�抣���v�Z�ƌĂ�.~�S
�抣���v�Z�����, ������^���鍂�x�̉���DH �������Ă�����, DH = 4 km �ȉ��ł͍��x10 km �ȏ�ɒB����悤�ȋ����_�Η���
�������ɂ����Ȃ�Ƃ������x�������,~�����, �����_�Η������߂Ĕ������鎞���̈Ⴂ���画�f���ꂽ.~%
��L�̌��ʂ͎��̂��Ƃ��������Ă���ƍl����ꂽ.~%
���������w�������x�ɑ��݂���DH = 5 km �ȏ�ł�, ���w�̎�������C���܂�
�㏸����, ���B�������x�ɂ���Ȃ�Ɏ��x�����邽�߂ɖO�a�ł�, �����C�̋Ì��ɂ����M���畂�͂𓾂���. ���̕��͂ɂ����
�㏸���͂�荂���x�ɏ㏸�ł���悤�ɂȂ�. %
���������w���ፂ�x�ɑ��݂���DH = 4 km �ȉ��ł�, ���w�̎�������C���܂񂾏㏸���͂����Ɋ������Ă��鍂�x��
�����Ă��܂�, �O�a�ł��Ȃ��Ȃ�. %
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������, �������, �n�\�ʂ���̔M�t���b�N�X�ɂ���Đ������㏸�������w�̐����C�����xDH �ȏ�ɗA�����邱�Ƃ��J��Ԃ�, %
���xDH �ȏオ����Ȃ�Ɏ����, ���ǂ͋����_�Η������B�ł���悤�ɂȂ�. ���̂悤�Ȃ��Ƃ�w�i�Ƃ���,~DH = 4 km �ȉ���
�̎����ł͋����_�Η��������ɂ��������ƍl������.

�܂�, �v�Z���Ԍ㔼�ɍ��x10 km �ȏ�ɗ��܂�_�̕��z��DH �������Ă����ƕω�����Ƃ������Ƃ�����ꂽ.~�����
DH = 4 km�`7 km �ł͑S��ɉ_�����z���邪, DH = 2 km, 3 km �ł͉_�̐�������, �_���m�̌��Ԃ��ڗ��悤�ɂȂ�
�Ƃ������Ƃł�����. ���̕ω��̌��������؂��邽�߂�, �����C�̕��z�̕ω�������. �����, �v�Z���Ԓ����܂ł�DH ��
�l�Ɋւ�炸�����C�̐������z�����������̈�Ǝ������̈悪���݂���Ƃ����s�ψ�ȕ��z�������Ă��邱�Ƃ��킩����.~������
�v�Z���Ԍ㔼�ł�DH = 5 km�`7 km �ł͂��̕s�ψ�͂قډ�������, DH = 2 km, 3 km �ł͕s�ψ�ȕ������c�����܂܂ł���
���Ƃ�����ꂽ. ���̂���, DH = 3 km �ł̉_�̕��z������ɍׂ��������, ���x10 km �ɐ�����_���`������_�Η���, �v�Z
���ԑO���ɐ������_�Η��ɂ���Ď������ꏊ�ł���, ���x�̐��������̕s�ψꂪ�������, �������̈�ɉ_�������W������̂ł�
�Ȃ����Ƃ������������ꂽ. ������,�@���̌v�Z�ݒ肾���ł͂��̐����𖾊m�ɂ���ɂ͕s�\���ł���������, ���鍂�x�ȏ��
�����̈�̔�������������������Ƃ����v�Z���s����.

���̔��抣���v�Z�ł�, �S�抣���v�Z�̂悤��, DH = 4 km �ȉ��ɂȂ�Ƌ����_�Η��������ɂ����Ȃ邱�Ƃ��܂�
����ꂽ. ������, �S�抣���v�Z���������_�Η��̔�����}��������ʂ������Ȃ��Ă��邱�Ƃ��������ꂽ.~%
����͎��̂悤�ȉߒ����猴�����l����ꂽ: �S��������������Ƃ��Ɠ��l��, DH = 4 km �ȉ��ł͊��������w���������߂ɋ����_�Η�
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���xDH ���������̊������i��, �����_�Η��͂��`������ɂ����󋵂�������.

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���̂��Ƃ��킩����.~%
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�L�����z����. �����ė��҂̍��͍ő��3 K �قǂɂ��Ȃ�. ����Ŕ���������������v�Z�ł͍��x2 km�`6 km �ɂ�����, DH = 4 km ��
���̂Ƃ��̉��ʏ��DH = 5 km �ȏ�̂Ƃ��̉��ʏ�ɕC�G���邩��1 K ����Ƃ������Ƃ�����ꂽ.~���̑傫�Ȑ��̉��ʏ
�̔�����, �������̈悪�قڑS�ĒS���Ă���͂��ł���.

�ȏォ�猾���邱�Ƃ�, �������������łȂ�, ���������ɂ����������̈�Ǝ������̈悪���݂���Ƃ���, ���x�̐����s�ψ��
�^�����, �_�����͎������̈�ɏW������. ������, ���x�̐����s�ψꂪ�i�ނقǂɎ������̈�ɂ͊��������̈�̎��x
����荞�܂�, �S��ɂقړ��������x�����z����Ƃ��Ɠ���������ȏ�̉_�����Ì���������Ɋ����ȉ_�Η�����������Ƃ�������
�ł���.

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�����_�Η������B���ɂ����Ȃ�Ƃ������x������ꂽ. %
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\chapter*{�ӎ�}
\markright{�ӎ�}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{�ӎ�}
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\section*{Appendix~A:~�ϐ����X�g}
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\begin{itemize}
\item $C_D$: �o���N�W��.
\item $C_{pd}$: ������C�̒舳��M.
\item $C_{vd}$: ������C�̒�ϔ�M.
\item $C_s^2$: ���g���x.
\item $e$: �O�a���C��.
\item $Fall.$: �J���̗�����.
\item $F_{qv}$: �����C�̒n�\�ʃt���b�N�X.
\item $F_{\theta}$: �M�̒n�\�ʃt���b�N�X.
\item $F_u$: �^���ʂ̒n�\�ʃt���b�N�X.
\item $g$: �d�͉����x.
\item $M_d$: ������C�̕��q��.
\item $M_v$: ������C�̕��q��.
\item $p$: �C��.
\item $p_0$: �W���C��.
\item $\pi$:~�G�N�X�i�[�֐�.
\item $q_c$:~�_��������.
\item $q_r$: �J��������.
\item $q_v$:~�����C������.
\item $Q_{cnd}$: �Ïk�ɂ����M��.
\item $Q_{dis}$: �U����M��.
\item $Q_{rad}$: ���˗�p��.
\item $R^{\ast}$: ���ՋC�̒萔.
\item $R_d$: ������C�̋C�̒萔.
\item $\rho$:~��C�̖��x.
\item $\rho_d$:~������C�̖��x.
\item $r_v$: �����C�̃�����.
\item $Src.$: �Ïk�����̐�����.
\item $\theta$:~����.
\item $\theta_v$: ������.
\item $Turb.$: �����g�U��.
\item $T_v$: �����x.
\item $\Dvect{u}$: ���x.~$\Dvect{u} = (u,w)$.
\item $u$: $x$~�����̑��x.
\item $w$: $z$~�����̑��x.
\item $V_{sfc}$: �n�\�ʕ���.
\item $v_0$: �����̍Œ�l.
\end{itemize}
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\section*{Appendix~B:~��b�������n�̓��o}
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�����ł͊�b�������n�̓��o���s��.
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\subsection*{��b�������n}
��b�������n���Čf����.

�^��������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
%\Deqlab{undouhouteisikix}
\frac{\partial u'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial x}
                                  + Turb.u' + F_u, \tag*{\Deqref{undouhouteisikix}}\\
%\Deqlab{undouhouteisikiz}
\frac{\partial w'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z} \nonumber \\
                               &~~~~+ \left(\frac{\theta'}{\overline{\theta}}
                                    + \frac{q_v'/M_v}{1/M_d + \overline{q_v} / M_d}
                                    - \frac{q_v' + q_c' + q_r'}{1 + \overline{q_v}}\right) g + Turb.w'.\tag*{\Deqref{undouhouteisikiz}}
\end{align}
%%
%%

���͕�����
\begin{equation}
%\Deqlab{atsuryokuhouteisiki}
\frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial t}=-\frac{\overline{C_{s}^2}}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}
                                   \nabla \cdot \{\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})\Dvect{u'}\}\tag*{\Deqref{atsuryokuhouteisiki}}.
\end{equation}
%%
%%

�M�̎�
%%
%%
\begin{align}
%\Deqlab{netsunosiki}
\frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial t} &=
                                     -\left(u' \frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial x}
                                     +w' \frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial z}\right)
                                     -w' \frac{\partial \overline{\theta}}{\partial z}
                                     + \frac{1}{\overline{\pi}} (Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis})\nonumber \\
                                    &~~~~+ Turb.\overline{\theta} + Turb.\theta' + F_{\theta}.\tag*{\Deqref{netsunosiki}}
\end{align}
%%
%%

������̕ۑ���
\begin{align}
%\Deqlab{kongouhiqv}
\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              - w'\frac{\partial \overline{q_v}}{\partial z}
                                              + Src.q_v' + Turb.\overline{q_v} + Turb.q_v' + F_{q_v},\tag*{\Deqref{kongouhiqv}}\\
%\Deqlab{kongouhiqc}
\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              + Src.q_c' + Turb.q_c',\tag*{\Deqref{kongouhiqc}}\\
%\Deqlab{kongouhiqr}
\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              + Src.q_r' + Fall.q_r' + Turb.q_r'.\tag*{\Deqref{kongouhiqr}}
\end{align}
%%
%%

�G�N�X�i�[�֐�$\pi$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
%\Deqlab{exner}
\pi \equiv \left( \frac{p}{p_0}\right)^{R_d / C_{pd}}.\tag*{\Deqref{exner}}
\end{equation}
%%
%%

����$\theta$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
%\Deqlab{oni}
\theta \equiv T \left( \frac{p_0}{p}\right)^{R_d / C_{pd}} = \frac{T}{\pi}.\tag*{\Deqref{oni}}
\end{equation}
%%
%%

���x$\rho$
%%
%%
\begin{align}
%\Deqlab{mitsudo}
\rho &= \frac{p}{R_d T}\left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + \Sigma q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + \Sigma q_v + \Sigma q_c + \Sigma q_r)\nonumber \\
     &= \frac{p}{R_d T_v} = \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd} / R_d}}{R_d \theta_v}.\tag*{\Deqref{mitsudo}}
\end{align} 
%%
%%

������$\theta_v$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
%\Deqlab{karioni}
\theta_v = \frac{\theta}{\left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + \Sigma q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + \Sigma q_v + \Sigma q_c + \Sigma q_r)}.\tag*{\Deqref{karioni}}
\end{equation}
%%
%%

���g���x$C_s^2$
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
%\Deqlab{onpa}
C_s^2 = \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d \pi \theta_v.\tag*{\Deqref{onpa}}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%----��b�������n�̓��o----%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection*{��b�������n�̓��o}
(1)~~���x�̎��̓��o

�Ïk�������l��������C�̖��x$\rho$~��,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{zenmitsudo}
\rho &= \rho_d + \rho_v + \rho_c + \rho_r \nonumber \\
     &= \rho_d(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)
\end{align}
%%
%%
������,~$q_v = \rho_v/\rho_d,~q_c = \rho_c/\rho_d,~q_r = \rho_c/\rho_d$~�͂��ꂼ��,~�����C�E�_���E�J����
������ł���.~����,~�����C�̂̕�����$p_d$~,~�����C�̕�����$p_v$~�Ƃ�����,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{kansoukitainobunatsu}
p_d &= p\left(1 - \frac{p_v}{p}\right) \nonumber \\
    &= p\left(1 - \frac{p_v}{p_d + p_v}\right) \nonumber \\
    &= p\left(1 - \frac{\rho_v R_v T}{\rho_d R_d T + \rho_v R_v T}\right) \nonumber \\
    &= p\left(1 - \frac{\rho_v \frac{R}{M_v} T}{\rho_d \frac{R}{M_d} T + \rho_v \frac{R}{M_v} T}\right) \nonumber \\
    &= p\left(1 - \frac{q_v / M_v}{1 / M_d  + q_v / M_v}\right)
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�����ŏ�ԕ�����$p = \rho_i R_i T~(i~�͊e���q���Ӗ�����)$~��p���Ă���.~�䂦��,~�����C�̂�
���x��,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{kansoukitainomitsudo}
\rho_d = \frac{p_d}{R_d T} = \frac{p}{R_d T}\left(\frac{1 / M_v}{1 / M_d  + q_v / M_v}\right)
\end{equation}
%%
%%
������,~�����C�̑̐ς͖����ł�����̂Ƃ���.~�ȏォ��$\Deqref{zenmitsudo}$~��
%%
%%

\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{mitsudo1}
\rho = \frac{p}{R_d T}\left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~������,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{f}
f \equiv \left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ƒ�`�����
$\Deqref{mitsudo1}$~��
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{mitsudo2}
\rho &= \frac{p}{R_d (T/f)} \nonumber \\
     &= \frac{p}{R_d \pi(\theta / f)} \nonumber \\
     &= \frac{1}{R_d (\theta / f)}\left(\frac{p_0}{p}\right)^{R_d/C_{pd}} \frac{p}{p_0}p_0 \nonumber \\
     &= \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d (\theta / f)}
\end{align}
�ƂȂ�,~$\theta_v \equiv \theta / f,~T_v \equiv T/f$~�ƒ�`�����,
\begin{align}
\rho &= \frac{p}{R_d T}\left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + q_v/M_v} \right)(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)\nonumber \\
     &= \frac{p}{R_d T_v} = \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd} / R_d}}{R_d \theta_v}\tag*{\Deqref{mitsudo}}
\end{align} 
�𓾂�.


(2)~~�^���������̓��o

�i���B�G~=~�X�g�[�N�X�̉^��������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{Naviex}
\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} &= - \left( u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial u}{\partial z} \right)
                                -\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\partial x} + Turb.u + F_u, \\
\Deqlab{Naviez}
\frac{\partial w}{\partial t} &= - \left( u\frac{\partial w}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} \right)
                                - \frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\partial z} + Turb.w - g
\end{align}
%%
%%
���C��$p$~�̑ւ��ɃG�N�X�i�[�֐�$\pi$~��p���ĕ\��.
$\Deqref{exner}$~���,~$\pi^{C_{pd}/R_d} = p/p_0$~�ł���,~�����$\Deqref{mitsudo}$~��p�����,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{seisuiatsutemae}
\frac{1}{\rho}dp &= \frac{R_d \pi \theta_v}{p}d(p_0 \pi^{C_{pd}/R_d})\nonumber \\
                 &= \frac{R_d \pi \theta_v}{p}\left(p_0 \frac{C_{pd}}{R_d}\pi^{C_{pd}/R_d - 1}\right)d\pi \nonumber \\
                 &= \pi\theta_v\left(C_{pd}\frac{p_0}{p} \pi^{C_{vd}/C_{pd}} \right)d\pi\nonumber \\
                 &= \pi\theta_v\left[C_{pd}\frac{p_0}{p} \left(\frac{p}{p_0}\right)^{C_{vd}/C_{pd}} \right]d\pi\nonumber \\
                 &= \pi\theta_v\left[C_{pd}\left(\frac{p}{p_0}\right)^{-R/C_{pd}} \right]d\pi\nonumber \\
                 &= \pi\theta_v\left[C_{pd}\left(\frac{p}{p_0}\right)^{-R/C_{pd}} \right]d\pi\nonumber \\
                 &= \pi\theta_v\left(C_{pd} \frac{1}{\pi}\right)d\pi\nonumber \\
                 &= C_{pd}\theta_v d\pi
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�����$\Deqref{Naviex},\Deqref{Naviez}$~�̉E�ӑ�񍀂ɏ㎮��������,
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{undouhouteisikix1}
\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} &= - \left( u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial u}{\partial z} \right)
                                -C_{pd} \theta_v \frac{\partial \pi}{\partial x} + Turb.u + F_u, \\
\Deqlab{undouhouteisikiz1}
\frac{\partial w}{\partial t} &= - \left( u\frac{\partial w}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} \right)
                                -C_{pd} \theta_v \frac{\partial \pi}{\partial z} + Turb.w -g
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.

(3)~~���͕������̓��o

$\Deqref{mitsudo}$~���,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{drho}
d\rho &= d\biggl[ \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d (\theta/f)} \biggr]\nonumber \\
      &= \frac{p_0}{R_d (\theta/f)}\frac{C_{vd}}{R_d}\pi^{C_{vd}/R_d - 1}d\pi
         - \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d} f}{R_d}\frac{d \theta}{\theta^2}\nonumber \\
      &~~~~+ \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d \theta}\left(
           \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}dq_v + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}dq_c + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}dq_r
         \right)\nonumber \\
      &= C_{pd} (\theta / f) \frac{1}{C_{pd} (\theta / f)} \frac{p_0}{R_d (\theta/f)} \frac{C_{vd}}{R_d}\frac{1}{\pi} \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}d\pi\nonumber \\
      &~~~~- \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d} f}{R_d}\frac{d \theta}{\theta^2} + \frac{1}{f}
           \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d (\theta/f)}
       \left(
           \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}dq_v + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}dq_c + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}dq_r
       \right)\nonumber \\
      &= C_{pd} (\theta / f) \left(\frac{C_{vd}}{C_{pd}}R_d \pi \frac{\theta}{f} \right)\frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d (\theta/f)} d\pi
         - \frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d (\theta/f)}\frac{d \theta}{\theta}\nonumber \\
      &~~~~+ \frac{1}{f}\frac{p_0 \pi^{C_{vd}/R_d}}{R_d (\theta/f)}
           \left(
           \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}dq_v + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}dq_c + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}dq_r
           \right)\nonumber \\
      &= \frac{C_{pd}\rho \theta_v}{C_s^2}d\pi - \frac{\rho}{\theta_v}d\theta + \rho \frac{1}{f}
         \left(
         \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}dq_v + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}dq_c + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}dq_r
         \right)
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~������,~����$\displaystyle C_s^2 = \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{pv}}R\pi \frac{\theta}{f}$~��p����.~$\Deqref{drho}$~���,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\frac{d \pi}{dt} = \frac{C_s^2}{C_{pd}\rho \theta_v}\biggl[
                   \frac{d\rho}{dt} + \frac{\rho}{\theta}\frac{d\theta}{dt} - \frac{\rho}{f}
                   \left(
                   \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}\frac{dq_v}{dt} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}\frac{dq_c}{dt} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}\frac{dq_r}{dt}
                   \right)
                   \biggr]
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���.~����ɘA���̎�
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{renzokunosiki}
\frac{d\rho}{dt} = \rho \nabla \cdot \Dvect{u}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
��p����,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{atsuryokuhouteisiki1}
\frac{d\pi}{dt} = \frac{C_s^2}{C_{pd} \theta_v}\biggl[
                  - \nabla \cdot \Dvect{u} + \frac{1}{\theta}\frac{d\theta}{dt}
                  - \frac{1}{f}
                   \left(
                   \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}\frac{dq_v}{dt} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}\frac{dq_c}{dt} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}\frac{dq_r}{dt}
                   \right)
                   \biggr]
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.

(4)~~�M�̎��̓��o

�ȉ��ł�,~���������̕����E�̐ρE���x�͍l�����Ȃ����̂Ƃ���.~�M�͊w���@����
%
\[
U = -W + Q
\]
%
�ł���.~������$U$~�͓����G�l���M�[,~$W$~�͌n���O�E�ɂ���d��,~$Q$~�͊O�E����n�ɓ������M�ʂł���.~
�M�͊w���@���ɂ�����,~�P�ʎ��ʂ�����̓����G�l���M�[��$i$~�Ƃ���Ə㎮��
%
%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{netsurikigakunosiki}
\frac{di}{dt} &= -p_v\frac{dV}{dt} + \mathcal{Q} \nonumber \\
              &= -p_v\frac{d}{dt}\biggl(\frac{1}{\rho_d}\biggr) + \mathcal{Q}
\end{align}
%
%
�ƂȂ�.~������$V,~\rho_d,~p_v$~�͂��ꂼ�ꊣ����C��,~�̐�,~���x,~�����ł���,~$\mathcal{Q}$~��
�����M���ɂ��P�ʎ��ʓ���̉��M���ł���.~���ɃG���g���s�[$S$~�̒�`
\[
S \equiv \int \frac{dQ}{T}
\]
���,~$\displaystyle d S \equiv \frac{d Q}{T}$~��p����,
%
%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{entropy}
T \frac{dS}{dt} = \frac{de}{dt} + p_d\frac{dV}{dt} = \frac{de}{dt} + p_v\frac{d}{dt}\biggl(\frac{1}{\rho_d}\biggr)
\end{equation}
%
%
�ƂȂ�.~�����~$\Deqref{netsurikigakunosiki},\Deqref{entropy}$���
%
%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{are2}
T \frac{dS}{dt} = \mathcal{Q}
\end{equation}
%
%
�𓾂�.

����,
%
%
\[\rho_d = \rho_d (p_d,T)\]
�܂���
\[S = S (p_d,T)\]
%
%
�̂悤��$S$~��$p_v$~��$T$~�̓�̓Ɨ��ϐ��݂̂Ɉˑ������
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{entropy1}
dS = \biggl(\frac{\partial S}{\partial p_d}\biggr)_T dp_d + \biggl(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d} dT
\end{equation}
�ƂȂ�.~%
������,~�M�u�X�̎��R�G�l���M�[$G(p_d,T)$~�ɂ���,
\[G=U-TS+pV\]
���,
%
%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{dG1}
dG &= dU -TdS -SdT + p_d dV + Vdp_d \nonumber \\
   &= (dU + p_d dV -TdS) - SdT + Vdp_d \nonumber \\
   &= (dU + dW - dQ) - SdT + Vdp_d \nonumber \\
   &= -SdT + \frac{1}{\rho_d}dp_d
\end{align}
%
%
�ł���.~�����ŔM�͊w���@����p���Ă���.~%
�܂�$G$~��$p_d$~��$T$~�̓�̓Ɨ��ϐ��݂̂Ɉˑ���,
%
%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{dG2}
dG = \biggl(\frac{\partial G}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d} dT +\biggl(\frac{\partial G}{\partial p_d}\biggr)_T dp_d
\end{equation}
%
%
�ł��邩��,~$\Deqref{dG1},\Deqref{dG2}$~��ӁX��r����
\begin{align}
\biggl(\frac{\partial G}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d} &= -S, \\
\biggl(\frac{\partial G}{\partial p_d}\biggr)_T &= \frac{1}{\rho_d}
\end{align}
�𓾂�.~�㎮�ɂ���
\[
\biggl( \frac{\partial}{\partial p_d}\biggl(\frac{\partial G}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d}\biggr)_T = \biggl( \frac{\partial}{\partial T}\biggl(\frac{\partial G}{\partial p_d}\biggr)_T\biggr)_{p_d}
\]
��p�����,
\begin{equation}
-\biggl(\frac{\partial S}{\partial p_d}\biggr)_T = \frac{\partial}{\partial T} \biggl(\frac{1}{\rho_d}\biggr)_{p_d} = -\frac{1}{\rho_d^2} \biggl(\frac{\partial \rho_d}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d}, \nonumber
\end{equation}
%
%
�ł���̂�,
%
%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{ds}
\biggl(\frac{\partial S}{\partial p_d}\biggr)_T = \frac{1}{\rho_d^2} \biggl(\frac{\partial \rho_d}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d}
\end{equation}
%
%
�ƂȂ�.~%
�܂�,~�舳��M$C_{pd}$~�̒�`���,
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{Cp}
C_{pd} = T\biggl(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d}
\end{equation}
�ł��邩��,~$\Deqref{entropy1}$~��~$\Deqref{ds},\Deqref{Cp}$~��p����,
%
%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{ds1}
dS = \frac{1}{\rho_d^2} \biggl(\frac{\partial \rho_d}{\partial T}\biggr)_{p_d} dp_d + \frac{C_{pd}}{T}dT
\end{equation}
�ƂȂ�.~����Ɋ�����C�ɑ΂����ԕ�����
\[\rho_d = \frac{p_d}{R_dT}\]
���,~$\Deqref{ds1}$~�͂���ɕό`�ł�,
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{ds2}
dS &= \biggl(\frac{RT}{p}\biggr)^2 \biggl(-\frac{p}{RT^2}\biggl) dp + \frac{C_p}{T}dT \nonumber \\
   &= -R\frac{dp}{p} + C_p \frac{dT}{T}
\end{align}
�ƂȂ�.~$\Deqref{ds2}$~�𗼕Ӑϕ���,~�ϕ��萔��$S_0$~�Ƃ����,
\begin{align}
S &= C_{pd} \ln T - R_d \ln p_d + S_0 \nonumber \\
  &= C_{pd}\biggl(\ln T -\frac{R_d}{C_{pd}}\ln p_d\biggr) + S_0 \nonumber \\
  &= C_{pd} \ln T \biggl(\frac{1}{p_d} \biggr)^{R/C_{pd}} + S_0 ,
\end{align}
�ł���,~�㎮�𐮗�����
%
%
\begin{align}
\frac{S-S_0}{C_{pd}} &= \ln T \biggl(\frac{1}{p_d} \biggr)^{R_d/C_{pd}} \nonumber \\
\Deqlab{are}
e^{\frac{S-S_0}{C_{pd}}} &= T \biggl(\frac{1}{p_d} \biggr)^{R_d/C_{pd}}
\end{align}
�ƂȂ�.~������,~�W���C��$p_0 = const$~��p����,~\Deqref{are}~�̗��ӂ�$p_0^{R_d/C_{pd}}$~���������,
%
%
\begin{equation}
p_0^{R_d/C_{pd}} e^{\frac{S-S_0}{C_{p_d}}} = T \biggl(\frac{p_0}{p_d}\biggr)^{R_d/C_{p_d}} \equiv \theta
\end{equation}
%
%%
%%%
�ł���.~���ӂ�$t$~�Ŕ�������
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{dthetadt}
\frac{d \theta}{dt} &= \frac{1}{C_p} p_0^{R/C_p} e^{\frac{S-S_0}{C_p}} \frac{dS}{dt} \nonumber \\
                    &= \frac{\theta}{C_p}\frac{dS}{dt}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.~$\Deqref{are2}$~��~$\Deqref{dthetadt}$~�ɑ�������
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{netsunosiki1}
\frac{d \theta}{dt} &= \frac{\theta}{C_{p_d} T} \mathcal{Q}\nonumber \\
                    &= \frac{\mathcal{Q}}{C_{p_d} \pi}
\end{align}
�ƂȂ�.~%
������
\[
\frac{\mathcal{Q}}{C_{p_d}} \equiv Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis}
\]
�ƒ�`��,~�����g�U��~$\Deqref{turboni}$~��p�����,~�M�̎���
%%
%%
\[
\frac{d \theta}{dt} = \frac{1}{\pi} (Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis}) + Turb.\theta,
\]
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{netsunosiki2}
\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial t} = -\left(
                                     u\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}
                                     \right)
                                     + \frac{1}{\pi} (Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis}) + Turb.\theta
\end{equation}
�ƕ\�����.

(5)~~�G�N�X�i�[�֐���p�����Ð������t�̎�

$\Deqref{seisuiatsutemae}$~���,
%%
%%
\[
\frac{dp}{dz} = \rho C_{pd}\theta_v \frac{d\pi}{dz}
\]
%%
%%
�ł���,~�Ð������t�̎�$dp/dz = -\rho g$~���,
%%
%%
\[
\rho C_{pd}\theta_v \frac{d\pi}{dz} = -\rho g,
\]
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{seisuiatsuexner}
\frac{d\pi}{dz} = -\frac{g}{C_{pd}\theta_v} = -\frac{g}{C_{pd}(\theta / f)}
\end{equation}
�ƂȂ�,~�Ð������t���G�N�X�i�[�֐���p���ĕ\�����Ƃ��ł���.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%--- ���`�� ---%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection*{��b�������n�̐��`��}
�����ł͊�b�������n�̐��`�����s��.~�ϐ��͊�{��Ə��ɕ���,~��{��͐Ð������t�ɂ�����̂Ɖ��肷
��.~���̂Ƃ�,~�ϐ��͈ȉ��̂悤�ɏ�����.
%%
%%
\begin{align}
u &= u'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
w &= w'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
\pi &= \overline{\pi}(z) + \pi'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
\theta &= \overline{\theta}(z) + \theta'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
\rho &= \overline{\rho}(z) + \rho'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
q_v &= \overline{q_v}(z) + q_v'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
q_c &= q_c'(x,z,t),\nonumber \\
q_r &= q_r'(x,z,t).\nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
������,~����$u,w$~��,~�_��$q_c$,~�J��$q_r$~�̊�{��̓[���ƌ��Ȃ���.~%
�܂�,~$\Deqref{seisuiatsuexner}$~���,~��{��ɂ͐Ð������t�̎�
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{seisuiatsuexner1}
\frac{\partial \overline{\pi}}{\partial z} = -\frac{g}{C_{pd}\overline{\theta_v}} = -\frac{g}{C_{pd}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
\end{equation}
�����藧���̂Ƃ���.

(1)~���������̉^���������̐��`��

���������̉^��������~$\Deqref{undouhouteisikix1}$~����{��Ə��ɕ��������,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial u'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \left(
                                  \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \overline{\pi}}{\partial x} + \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial x}
                                  + \theta_v' \frac{\partial \overline{\pi}}{\partial x} + \theta_v' \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial x}
                                  \right) + Turb.u' + F_u \nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�㎮�ɂ�����,~2~���̔�������������,~��,~��{��͐��������ɂ͈�l�ł���Ƃ�������,~%
���������̉^��������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial u'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial x}
                                  + Turb.u' + F_u \tag*{\Deqref{undouhouteisikix}} \\
                               &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial u'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \frac{\overline{\theta}}{\overline{f}} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial x}
                                  + Turb.u' + F_u \nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.~������~$q_v$~�ɂ���,~���̒l�͊�{��̒l�ɔ�ׂĔ��ɏ��������̂Ƃ��Ċ�{������
$\Deqref{f}$~����`�������,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{f1}
\overline{f} = \left( \frac{1 / M_d}{1/M_d + \overline{q_v}/M_v} \right)(1 + \overline{q_v})
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ł���.

(2)~���������̉^��������

���������̉^���������Ɠ��l��~$\Deqref{undouhouteisikiz1}$~����{��Ə��ɕ��������,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial w'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \left(
                                  \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \overline{\pi}}{\partial z} 
                                  + \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z}
                                  + \theta_v' \frac{\partial \overline{\pi}}{\partial z}
                                  \right) -g + Turb.w' \nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�㎮�ɐÐ������t�̎�~$\Deqref{seisuiatsuexner1}$~��p�����,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial w'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  + C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{g}{C_{pd}\overline{\theta_v}} 
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z}
                                  + C_{pd} \theta_v' \frac{g}{C_{pd}\overline{\theta_v}} 
                                  -g + Turb.w' \nonumber \\
                               &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z}
                                  + \frac{\theta_v'}{\overline{\theta_v}}g + Turb.w' \nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.~������$\theta_v'$~��,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{thetav'}
\theta_v' &= \left(\frac{\theta}{f}\right)\nonumber \\
          &= \frac{\theta'}{f} - \frac{1}{f^2}\theta \left(
             \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v} dq_v + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c} dq_c + \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r} dq_r
             \right)\nonumber \\
          &= \frac{\theta}{f}\left(
             \frac{\theta'}{\theta} - \frac{1}{f}\frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v} q_v'
             - \frac{1}{f}\frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c} q_c' - \frac{1}{f}\frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r} q_r'
             \right)
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ł���.~$\Deqref{thetav'}$~�̉E�ӑ�񍀂�,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{thetav'dainikou}
\frac{1}{f} \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_v}q_v'
&= \frac{1}{\displaystyle \frac{1/M_d}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d} (1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}
   \frac{\partial \displaystyle \frac{1/M_d}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d} (1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}{\partial q_v}q_v'\nonumber \\
&= \frac{1}{\displaystyle \frac{1/M_d}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d} (1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}\nonumber \\
&~~~~\biggl\{\frac{1/M_d}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d}
   - \frac{1/(M_d M_v)}{(1/M_d + q_v / M_v)^2}(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)\biggr\}q_v'\nonumber \\
&= \frac{q_v'}{1 + q_v + q_c + q_r} - \frac{1/M_v}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d}q_v'
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~$\Deqref{thetav'}$~�̉E�ӑ�O����,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{thetav'daisankou}
\frac{1}{f} \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_c}q_c'
&= \frac{1}{\displaystyle \frac{1/M_d}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d} (1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}
   \frac{\partial \displaystyle \frac{1/M_d}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d} (1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}{\partial q_c}q_c'\nonumber \\
&= \frac{q_c'}{(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�,~���l�ɂ���~$\Deqref{thetav'}$~�̉E�ӑ�l����,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{thetav'daiyonkou}
\frac{1}{f} \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_r}q_r'= \frac{q_r'}{(1 + q_v + q_c + q_r)}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�����,~$\Deqref{thetav'dainikou}~�`~\Deqref{thetav'daiyonkou}$~��p�����
~$\Deqref{thetav'}$~��,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{thetav'1}
\theta_v' = \frac{\theta}{f}\left(\frac{\theta'}{\theta}
          + \frac{q_v'/M_v}{1/M_d + q_v / M_d}
          - \frac{q_v' + q_c' + q_r'}{1 + q_v + q_c + q_r}\right)
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�����ŏ�����͊�{�ꐬ���ɔ�ׂď\���ɏ���������,~���ʂƋÏk������
�S�ʂ���{�ꐬ���ɒu������,~�܂�,~$\overline{q_v}\gg q_c' + q_r'$~�Ƃ���,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{thetav'2}
\theta_v' = \frac{\overline{\theta}}{f}\left(\frac{\theta'}{\overline{\theta}}
          + \frac{q_v'/M_v}{1/M_d + \overline{q_v} / M_d}
          - \frac{q_v' + q_c' + q_r'}{1 + \overline{q_v}}\right)
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.~�㎮��p�����,~���������̉^��������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial w'}{\partial t} &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z}
                                  + \frac{\theta_v'}{\overline{\theta_v}}g + Turb.w' \nonumber \\
                               &= - \left( u'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial x} + w'\frac{\partial w'}{\partial z} \right)
                                  - C_{pd} \overline{\theta_v} \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial z} \nonumber \\
                               &~~~~+ \left(\frac{\theta'}{\overline{\theta}}
                                    + \frac{q_v'/M_v}{1/M_d + \overline{q_v} / M_d}
                                    - \frac{q_v' + q_c' + q_r'}{1 + \overline{q_v}}\right) g + Turb.w' \tag*{\Deqref{undouhouteisikiz}}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�����o�����.

(3)~���͕������̐��`��

Klemp and Wilhemson (1978)~�ł�,~��f�M�I�ȉ��M�ɂ��M�c���ƋÏk�ɔ������͕ω��𖳎����Ă���.~���Ȃ킿
~$\Deqref{atsuryokuhouteisiki1}$~�̑劇�ʓ��̑��,~��O���𖳎�����,
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{atsuryokuhouteisiki2}
\frac{d\pi}{dt} = -\frac{C_s^2}{C_{pd} \theta_v} \nabla \cdot \Dvect{u} 
\end{equation}
%%
%%
���p����ꂽ.~�{���f���ōl����n��,~�Ïk�������\���ɏ���������,~���̋ߎ���p���Ă���.~%
��L�̈��͕���������{��Ə��ɕ�������.~������,~������͊�{�ꐬ�������\��������
�Ƃ��������p����,~$1/\theta \sim 1/\overline{\theta},~1/f \sim 1/\overline{f}$~�Ƃ���.~%
���g���x~$\Deqref{onpa}$~��,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{onpa1}
C_s^2 &= \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d \pi \theta_v \nonumber \\
      &\sim \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d (\overline{\pi} + \pi')\left(
         \frac{\overline{\theta} + \theta'}{\overline{f}}\right) \nonumber \\
      &\sim \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d \left(
         \overline{\pi}\frac{\overline{\theta}}{\overline{f}} + \overline{\pi}\frac{\theta'}{\overline{f}}
         + \pi'\frac{\overline{\theta}}{\overline{f}} \right) \nonumber \\
      &= \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d \overline{\pi} \frac{\overline{\theta}}{\overline{f}}
         \left(
         1 + \frac{\theta'}{\overline{\theta}} + \frac{\pi'}{\overline{\pi}}
         \right) \nonumber \\
      &\sim \frac{C_{pd}}{C_{vd}}R_d \overline{\pi} \frac{\overline{\theta}}{\overline{f}} \equiv \overline{C_s^2}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ł���.~������,~$\theta' / \overline{\theta} \ll 1,~\pi' / \overline{\pi} \ll 1$~��p����.~%
$\Deqref{onpa1}$~��p�����~$\Deqref{atsuryokuhouteisiki2}$~��
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{atsuryokuhouteisiki3}
& \frac{\partial (\overline{\pi} + \pi')}{\partial t} + u'\frac{\partial (\overline{\pi} + \pi')}{\partial x}
+ w'\frac{\partial (\overline{\pi} + \pi')}{\partial z} = -\frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})} \nabla \cdot \Dvect{u'}, \nonumber \\
& \frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial t} = -w' \frac{\partial \overline{\pi}}{\partial z} - \frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})} \nabla \cdot \Dvect{u'}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~����ɏ�ԕ�����~$\Deqref{mitsudo}$~��$\pi$~�ɂ��ď�������,~��{��܂��Ő��`�������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\pi &= \left( \frac{\rho R_d (\theta / f)}{p_0}\right)^{R_d / C_{vd}}, \nonumber \\
\overline{\pi} &= \left( \frac{\overline{\rho} R_d (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{p_0}\right)^{R_d / C_{vd}}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ł���̂�,~�㎮��~$\Deqref{atsuryokuhouteisiki3}$~�ɗp����,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial t} &= - w' \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\left( \frac{\overline{\rho} R_d (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{p_0}\right)^{R_d / C_{vd}}
                                    - \frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
                                    \left( \frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w'}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
                                 &= - w' \frac{R_d }{ C_{vd}}
                                    \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\left( \frac{\overline{\rho} R_d (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{p_0}\right)^{R_d / C_{vd} - 1}
                                    \frac{R_d}{p_0}\frac{\partial \overline{\rho} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{\partial z}
                                    - \frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
                                    \left( \frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w'}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
                                 &= - w' \frac{R_d }{ C_{vd}}
                                    \overline{\pi}\frac{1}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\rho} R_d (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{p_0}}
                                    \frac{R_d}{p_0}\frac{\partial \overline{\rho} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{\partial z}
                                    - \frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
                                    \left( \frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w'}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
                                 &=- w' \frac{R_d }{C_{vd}}
                                    \overline{\pi}\frac{1}{\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
                                    \frac{\partial \overline{\rho} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{\partial z}
                                    - \frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
                                    \left( \frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w'}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
                                 &=-\overline{C_{s}^2}\frac{1}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}w'
                                    \frac{\partial \overline{\rho} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{\partial z}
                                    - \frac{\overline{C_s^2}}{C_{pd} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}
                                    \left( \frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w'}{\partial z}\right) \nonumber \\
                                 &=-\frac{\overline{C_{s}^2}}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}
                                    \biggl\{
                                    w'\frac{\partial \overline{\rho} (\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})}{\partial z}
                                    + \overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})
                                    \left( \frac{\partial u'}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial w'}{\partial z}\right)\biggr\} \nonumber \\
                                 &=-\frac{\overline{C_{s}^2}}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}
                                   \Dvect{u'} \nabla \cdot [\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})]
                                   + \overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f}) \nabla \cdot
                                     \Dvect{u'}\nonumber \\
                                 &=-\frac{\overline{C_{s}^2}}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}
                                   \nabla \cdot \{\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})\Dvect{u'}\}\nonumber
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.~�����,~���͕�����
%%
%%
\[
\frac{\partial \pi'}{\partial t}=-\frac{\overline{C_{s}^2}}{C_{pd}\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})^2}
                                   \nabla \cdot \{\overline{\rho}(\overline{\theta} / \overline{f})\Dvect{u'}\}\tag*{\Deqref{atsuryokuhouteisiki}}
\]
%%
%%
������ꂽ.

(4)~�M�̎��̐��`��

�M�̎�~$\Deqref{netsunosiki2}$~����{��Ə��ɕ��������
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial (\overline{\theta} + \theta')}{\partial t} &=
                                     -u' \frac{\partial (\overline{\theta} + \theta')}{\partial x}
                                     -w' \frac{\partial (\overline{\theta} + \theta')}{\partial z}
                                     + \frac{1}{\overline{\pi} + \pi'} (Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis})\nonumber \\
                                     &~~~~+ Turb.\overline{\theta} + Turb.\theta' + F_{\theta}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~������,~������͊�{�ꐬ�������\���ɏ������Ɖ��肵��,~$1/\pi \sim 1/\overline{\pi}$~�ł��邱�Ƃ�
���p�����,~�㎮����M�̎�
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial t} &=
                                     -\left(u' \frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial x}
                                     +w' \frac{\partial \theta'}{\partial z}\right)
                                     -w' \frac{\partial \overline{\theta}}{\partial z}
                                     + \frac{1}{\overline{\pi}} (Q_{cnd} + Q_{rad} + Q_{dis}) \nonumber \\
                                     &~~~~+ Turb.\overline{\theta} + Turb.\theta' + F_{\theta} \tag*{\Deqref{netsunosiki}}
\end{align}
%%
%%
��������.

(5)~������̕ۑ����̐��`��

�Ïk�����̍�����̕ۑ����ɂ��Ă�,~�ϐ�����{��Ə��ɕ�������.

������̕ۑ���
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{kongouhiqv1}
\frac{\partial q_v}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial q_v}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial q_v}{\partial z} \right)
                                   + Src.q_v + Turb.q_v + Turb.q_v + F_{q_v},\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqc1}
\frac{\partial q_c}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial q_c}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial q_c}{\partial z} \right)
                                   + Src.q_c + Turb.q_c,\\
\Deqlab{kongouhiqr1}
\frac{\partial q_r}{\partial t} &= -\left( u\frac{\partial q_r}{\partial x} + w\frac{\partial q_r}{\partial z} \right)
                                   + Src.q_r + Fall.q_r + Turb.q_r.
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ɂ���,~������,~�������͏�����̂ݑ��݂���Ɖ��肵,~�M�̎��Ɠ��l�Ɋ�{��Ə��ɕ��������,~
�Ïk�����̍�����̕ۑ���
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_v'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              - w'\frac{\partial \overline{q_v}}{\partial z}
                                              + Src.q_v' + Turb.\overline{q_v} + Turb.q_v' + F_{q_v},\tag*{\Deqref{kongouhiqv}}\\
\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_c'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              + Src.q_c' + Turb.q_c',\tag*{\Deqref{kongouhiqc}}\\
\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial t} &= -\left( u'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial x}
                                              + w'\frac{\partial q_r'}{\partial z} \right)
                                              + Src.q_r' + Fall.q_r' + Turb.q_r' \tag*{\Deqref{kongouhiqr}}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%------Appendix C-------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\newpage
\section*{Appendix~C:~������ɂ���}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{A\arabic{equation}}
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\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Appendix~C:~������ɂ���}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\subsection*{�����̉��x�Ƒ��Ύ��x�̉������z}
�e�����̏����̉��x�Ƒ��Ύ��x�̉������z��,~�ȉ��̕\�̕��z����`��Ԃ��ė^����~(Yamasaki, 1983~���Q��).

(1)~�����̉��x�̉������z
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
���x~[km] & ���x~[K] && ���x~[km] & ���x~[K] \\ \hline
0.05 & 299.60 && 7.50 & 256.55 \\ \hline
0.16 & 298.72 && 8.10 & 252.50 \\ \hline
0.29 & 297.68 && 8.70 & 248.15 \\ \hline
0.44 & 296.48 && 9.30 & 243.50 \\ \hline
0.61 & 295.13 && 9.90 & 238.70 \\ \hline
0.80 & 293.90 && 10.50 & 233.90 \\ \hline
1.02 & 292.47 && 11.10 & 229.10 \\ \hline
1.28 & 290.90 && 11.70 & 224.30 \\ \hline
1.58 & 289.40 && 12.35 & 219.25 \\ \hline
1.95 & 287.55 && 13.05 & 213.85 \\ \hline
2.37 & 285.45 && 13.80 & 208.50 \\ \hline
2.82 & 283.13 && 14.65 & 203.70 \\ \hline
3.33 & 280.38 && 15.50 & 200.55 \\ \hline
3.90 & 277.25 && 16.55 & 199.60 \\ \hline
4.50 & 273.95 && 17.70 & 201.40 \\ \hline
5.10 & 270.65 && 18.95 & 205.15 \\ \hline
5.70 & 267.35 && 20.30 & 209.20 \\ \hline
6.30 & 263.90 && 21.80 & 212.90 \\ \hline
6.90 & 260.30 && &\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\newpage
(2)~�����̎��x�̉������z
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
���x~[km] & ���Ύ��x~[\%] && ���x~[km] & ���Ύ��x~[\%] \\ \hline
0.00 & 83 && 9.60 & 61 \\ \hline
0.60 & 91 && 10.20 & 62 \\ \hline
1.20 & 95 && 10.80 & 62 \\ \hline
1.80 & 95 && 11.40 & 63 \\ \hline
2.40 & 91 && 12.00 & 63 \\ \hline
3.00 & 85 && 12.70 & 64 \\ \hline
3.60 & 80 && 13.40 & 67 \\ \hline
4.20 & 75 && 14.20 & 74 \\ \hline
4.80 & 71 && 15.10 & 75 \\ \hline
5.40 & 68 && 16.00 & 46 \\ \hline
6.00 & 66 && 17.10& 26 \\ \hline
6.60 & 65 && 18.30 & 7 \\ \hline
7.20 & 64 && 19.60 & 1 \\ \hline
7.80 & 63 && 21.00 & 0.5 \\ \hline
8.40 & 62 && 22.60 & 0.2 \\ \hline
9.00 & 61 && &  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
%
%
%
\subsection*{�Ð������t�̎�}
�Ð������t�̎���,~���̍�����ω��ɂ�鈳�͕ω����l������`�ɕό`����.~%

�Ð������t�̎���,%
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\Deqlab{seisuiatsu}
\frac{\partial p(z)}{\partial z} = -g\rho(z)
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�Œ�`�����.~������,~$p(z)$~�͊�{��̈���,~$\rho(z)$~�͊�{��̖��x,~$g$~�͏d�͉����x,~$z$~�͍��x�ł���.~%
����,~��ԕ�����
\begin{equation}
pV = nR^{\ast}T
\end{equation}
%%
%%
��,
%%
%%
\begin{align}
\Deqlab{zyoutai}
p(z) &= \frac{nR^{\ast}T(z)}{V}\nonumber \\
  &= \frac{mR^{\ast}T(z)}{MV}\nonumber \\
  &= \rho(z)RT,\\
R &= \frac{R^{\ast}}{M}
\end{align}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~������,~$V$~��C�̑̐�,~$n$~�͑�C�̃�����,~$R^{\ast}$~�͕��ՋC�̒萔,~$R = R^{\ast}/M$~�͊�����C�Ǝ�����C��
���킹����C�̋C�̒萔,~$M$~�͑�C�̕��ϕ��q��,~$T(z)$~�͊�{��̉��x�ł�
��.~$\Deqref{seisuiatsu}$~���,~$\Deqref{zyoutai}$~��
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial p(z)}{\partial z} = - g \frac{p(z)}{T(z)(R^{\ast} / M)}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
�ƂȂ�.~�����,~������C�̕��q�ʂƃ���������ꂼ��$M_d,r_d$,~������C�̕��q�ʂƃ���������ꂼ���$M_v,r_v$,~%
�O�a���C����$e$,~���Ύ��x��$RH(z)$~�ƒu����,~�����C�̃�����̎�
%%
%%
\begin{equation}
r_v = \frac{e RH(z)}{p(z)}
\end{equation}
%%
%%
����,
\begin{align}
M &= r_d M_d + r_v M_v,\nonumber\\
  &= (1 - r_v)M_d + r_v M_v,\nonumber\\
  &= M_d + r_v(M_v - M_d)
\end{align}
%%
%%
�𓾂�.~�ȏォ��,~�����C���܂ޑ�C�ɂ�����Ð����̎���
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial p(z)}{\partial z} = - g\frac{p(z)}{T(z)[R^{\ast} / (M_d + r_v(M_v - M_d))]} \tag*{\Deqref{kihonbakiatsu}}
\end{equation}
�ƂȂ�.

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\chapter*{�Q�l����}
\markright{�Q�l����}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{�Q�l����}
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�k�C����w���w�@�C�m�_��.
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\end{document}