C. 1D radiative-convective model
C.a. Governing equations of the 1D model The potential temperature of the model atmosphere composed of ideal gas is calculated as follows. where is the potential temperature, is the temperature, is the vertical diffusion coefficient, is the radiative heating rate per unit mass which is calculated by convergence of the radiative heat flux associated with CO2 (see appendix A.d.i ). is the specific heat of constant pressure per unit mass The radiative transfer associated with dust is not considered. The second term in right hand side represents the heat transport owing to thermal convection which is parameterized as the vertical diffusion. The vertical structure of model atmosphere is given by the hydrostatic equation. The vertical diffusion coefficient is calculated as follows (Gierasch and Goody, 1968). where (Priestley, 1959). The sensible heat flux is calculated as follows (Gierasch and Goody, 1968). where is the surface temperature, is the surface atmospheric temperature. is the atmospheric thermal diffusion coefficient, is the atmospheric kinematic viscosity, The values of and are 8×10-4 m2sec-1 and 1×10-3 m2sec-1 (Gierasch and Goody, 1968). The sensible heat flux is 0 when the surface temperature is larger than the surface atmospheric temperature. The surface temperature is calcuated by using the 1D grand surface model (Appendix A.e ).
A numerical simulation of thermal convection in the Martian lower atmosphere.